在做 Node.js 架构决策、选择框架、设计异步模式或应用安全和部署最佳实践时使用此技能。

这项技能教授的是决策原则，而不是可以直接复制的固定代码。

What are you building?
│
├── Edge/Serverless (Cloudflare, Vercel)
│   └── Hono (zero-dependency, ultra-fast cold starts)
│
├── High Performance API
│   └── Fastify (2-3x faster than Express)
│
├── Enterprise/Team familiarity
│   └── NestJS (structured, DI, decorators)
│
├── Legacy/Stable/Maximum ecosystem
│   └── Express (mature, most middleware)
│
└── Full-stack with frontend
    └── Next.js API Routes or tRPC

Best for Edge, serverless Performance Legacy, learning

Node.js 22+: --experimental-strip-types
├── Run .ts files directly
├── No build step needed for simple projects
└── Consider for: scripts, simple APIs

ESM (import/export)
├── Modern standard
├── Better tree-shaking
├── Async module loading
└── Use for: new projects

CommonJS (require)
├── Legacy compatibility
├── More npm packages support
└── Use for: existing codebases, some edge cases

Node.js General purpose, largest ecosystem

Request Flow:
│
├── Controller/Route Layer
│   ├── Handles HTTP specifics
│   ├── Input validation at boundary
│   └── Calls service layer
│
├── Service Layer
│   ├── Business logic
│   ├── Framework-agnostic
│   └── Calls repository layer
│
└── Repository Layer
    ├── Data access only
    ├── Database queries
    └── ORM interactions

Pattern:
├── Create custom error classes
├── Throw from any layer
├── Catch at top level (middleware)
└── Format consistent response

Client gets:
├── Appropriate HTTP status
├── Error code for programmatic handling
├── User-friendly message
└── NO internal details (security!)

Logs get:
├── Full stack trace
├── Request context
├── User ID (if applicable)
└── Timestamp

No auth 401 Missing or invalid credentials

No permission 403 Valid auth, but not allowed

Validation 422 Schema valid but business rules fail

Server error 500 Our fault, log everything

Promise.all Parallel independent operations

Promise.allSettled Parallel where some can fail

Promise.race Timeout or first response wins

I/O-bound (async helps):
├── Database queries
├── HTTP requests
├── File system
└── Network operations

CPU-bound (async doesn't help):
├── Crypto operations
├── Image processing
├── Complex calculations
└── → Use worker threads or offload

Where to validate:
├── API entry point (request body/params)
├── Before database operations
├── External data (API responses, file uploads)
└── Environment variables (startup)

Trust nothing:
├── Query params → validate
├── Request body → validate
├── Headers → verify
├── Cookies → validate
├── File uploads → scan
└── External APIs → validate response

node --test src/**/*.test.ts
├── No external dependency
├── Good coverage reporting
└── Watch mode available

Nodejs Best Practices 实用指南

Node.js development principles and decision-making. Framework selection, async patterns, security, and architecture. Teaches thinking, not copying.

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本文整理2025年Node.js最佳实践指南，涵盖框架选择（Hono、Fastify、NestJS、Express）、异步模式、错误处理、安全与测试原则，强调基于项目需求决策而非死记模式，并提供可操作的架构与验证清单。

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Nodejs Best Practices 实用指南

Nodejs Best Practices 实用指南

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