# 第三章 TodoWrite (待办写入)


`s01 > s02 > [ s03 ] s04 > s05 > s06 | s07 > s08 > s09 > s10 > s11 > s12`

>“本专栏基于开源项目 `learn-claude-code` 的官方文档。原文档非常硬核，为了方便像我一样的新手小白理解，我对文档进行了**逐行精读**，并加入了很多**中文注释、大白话解释和踩坑记录**。希望这套‘咀嚼版’教程能帮你推开 AI Agent 开发的大门。”


项目地址：https://github.com/shareAI-lab/learn-claude-code

>"没有计划的 agent 走哪算哪" -- 先列步骤再动手, 完成率翻倍。


## 一、问题-**Models Forget (模型会健忘)**


大模型在处理**长链路任务 (Long-Horizon Tasks)** 时的致命缺陷：多步任务中, 模型会丢失进度 -- 重复做过的事、跳步、跑偏。对话越长越严重: 工具结果不断填满上下文, 系统提示的影响力逐渐被稀释。一个 10 步重构可能做完 1-3 步就开始即兴发挥, 因为 4-10 步已经被挤出注意力了。

## 二、解决方案


```
+--------+      +-------+      +---------+
|  User  | ---> |  LLM  | ---> | Tools   |
| prompt |      |       |      | + todo  |
+--------+      +---+---+      +----+----+
                    ^                |
                    |   tool_result  |
                    +----------------+
                          |
              +-----------+-----------+
              | TodoManager state     |
              | [ ] task A            |
              | [>] task B  <- doing  |
              | [x] task C            |
              +-----------------------+
                          |
              if rounds_since_todo >= 3:
                inject <reminder> into tool_result
```
### 1. 显式状态管理（Explicit State with `todo` tool）


它不仅让 LLM 思考，还强迫 LLM **把思考过程写下来**。


- **引入 `TodoManager` 类**：这是一个简单的 Python 类，用来存储任务列表。

- **增加 `todo` 工具**：允许模型调用这个工具来创建、更新任务列表。
	- 模型必须明确标出：哪个任务 `pending`（待办），哪个 `in_progress`（进行中），哪个 `completed`（已完成）。
	- **效果**：即使对话历史很长，模型的“当前任务状态”始终是清晰的，存储在 `TODO` 变量里，并在每次工具调用后返回给模型看。


### 2. 强制提醒机制（The "Nag" Reminder）


光有工具模型可能不用，或者用着用着就忘了。所以 `s03` 增加了一个**监督逻辑**。

## 三、工作原理


1. TodoManager 存储带状态的项目。同一时间只允许一个 `in_progress`。这是对模型的一种**行为约束（Constraint）**。 大模型有时候思维很发散，“双线程”工作：一边想改文件 A，一边又想顺手把文件 B 也修了。这通常会导致混乱和顾此失彼。这里强制规定：**你此时此刻只能做 ONE thing**


```
class TodoManager:
    def update(self, items: list) -> str:
        validated, in_progress_count = [], 0
        for item in items:
            status = item.get("status", "pending")
            if status == "in_progress":
                in_progress_count += 1
            # <-- 状态必须是 pending, in_progress, completed 三者之一
            validated.append({"id": item["id"], "text": item["text"],
                              "status": status})
        if in_progress_count > 1:
            raise ValueError("Only one task can be in_progress")
        self.items = validated
        return self.render()
```

1. `todo` 工具和其他工具一样加入 dispatch map。


```
TOOL_HANDLERS = {
    # ...base tools...
    "todo": lambda **kw: TODO.update(kw["items"]),
}
```

1. 显式状态与计数器逻辑：代码使用 `used_todo` 标志位监测 todo 工具的使用。


- 如果用了 todo，计数器 `rounds_since_todo` 清零 。

- 如果没用 (比如只用了 bash)，计数器 +1 。

- 积攒到 3 次，上面的 nag reminder 就会被插入到用户消息中，强迫模型反思进度。


```

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; used_todo = False

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; for block in response.content:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; # ...

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if block.name == "todo":

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; used_todo = True

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; rounds_since_todo = 0 if used_todo else rounds_since_todo + 1
```

1. nag reminder: 模型连续 3 轮以上不调用 `todo` 时注入提醒。


```
if rounds_since_todo >= 3 and messages:
    last = messages[-1]
    if last["role"] == "user" and isinstance(last.get("content"), list):
        last["content"].insert(0, {
            "type": "text",
            "text": "<reminder>Update your todos.</reminder>",
        })
```
"同时只能有一个 in_progress" 强制顺序聚焦。nag reminder 制造问责压力 -- 你不更新计划, 系统就追着你问。

## 四、相对 s02 的变更


|组件|之前(s02)|之后(s03)|
|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|Tools|4|5 (+todo)|
|规划|无|带状态的 TodoManager|
|Nag 注入|无|3 轮后注入 `<reminder>`|
|Agent loop|简单分发|+ rounds_since_todo 计数器|

## 五、试一试


```
cd learn-claude-code
python agents/s03_todo_write.py
```
试试这些 prompt (英文 prompt 对 LLM 效果更好, 也可以用中文):


1. `Refactor the file hello.py: add type hints, docstrings, and a main guard`

2. `Create a Python package with __init__.py, utils.py, and tests/test_utils.py`

3. `Review all Python files and fix any style issues`


### 完整代码


```
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import os

import subprocess

from pathlib import Path

  

from anthropic import Anthropic

from dotenv import load_dotenv

  

load_dotenv(override=True)

  

if os.getenv("ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL"):

&nbsp; &nbsp; os.environ.pop("ANTHROPIC_AUTH_TOKEN", None)

  

WORKDIR = Path.cwd()

client = Anthropic(base_url=os.getenv("ANTHROPIC_BASE_URL"))

MODEL = os.environ["MODEL_ID"]

  

SYSTEM = f"""You are a coding agent at {WORKDIR}.

Use the todo tool to plan multi-step tasks. Mark in_progress before starting, completed when done.

Prefer tools over prose."""

  
  

# -- TodoManager: structured state the LLM writes to --

class TodoManager:

&nbsp; &nbsp; def __init__(self):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.items = []

  

&nbsp; &nbsp; def update(self, items: list) -> str:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if len(items) > 20:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; raise ValueError("Max 20 todos allowed")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; validated = []

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; in_progress_count = 0

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; for i, item in enumerate(items):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; text = str(item.get("text", "")).strip()

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; status = str(item.get("status", "pending")).lower()

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; item_id = str(item.get("id", str(i + 1)))

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if not text:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; raise ValueError(f"Item {item_id}: text required")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if status not in ("pending", "in_progress", "completed"):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; raise ValueError(f"Item {item_id}: invalid status '{status}'")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if status == "in_progress":

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; in_progress_count += 1

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; validated.append({

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "id": item_id,

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "text": text,

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; "status": status

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; })

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if in_progress_count > 1:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; raise ValueError("Only one task can be in_progress at a time")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; self.items = validated

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return self.render()

  

&nbsp; &nbsp; def render(self) -> str:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if not self.items:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return "No todos."

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; lines = []

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; for item in self.items:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; marker = {"pending": "[ ]", "in_progress": "[>]", "completed": "[x]"}[item["status"]]

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; lines.append(f"{marker} #{item['id']}: {item['text']}")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; done = sum(1 for t in self.items if t["status"] == "completed")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; lines.append(f"\n({done}/{len(self.items)} completed)")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return "\n".join(lines)

  
  

TODO = TodoManager()

  
  

# -- Tool implementations --

def safe_path(p: str) -> Path:

&nbsp; &nbsp; path = (WORKDIR / p).resolve()

&nbsp; &nbsp; if not path.is_relative_to(WORKDIR):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; raise ValueError(f"Path escapes workspace: {p}")

&nbsp; &nbsp; return path

  

def run_bash(command: str) -> str:

&nbsp; &nbsp; dangerous = ["rm -rf /", "sudo", "shutdown", "reboot", "> /dev/"]

&nbsp; &nbsp; if any(d in command for d in dangerous):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return "Error: Dangerous command blocked"

&nbsp; &nbsp; try:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; r = subprocess.run(command, shell=True, cwd=WORKDIR,

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=120)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; out = (r.stdout + r.stderr).strip()

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return out[:50000] if out else "(no output)"

&nbsp; &nbsp; except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return "Error: Timeout (120s)"

  

def run_read(path: str, limit: int = None) -> str:

&nbsp; &nbsp; try:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; lines = safe_path(path).read_text().splitlines()

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if limit and limit < len(lines):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; lines = lines[:limit] + [f"... ({len(lines) - limit} more)"]

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return "\n".join(lines)[:50000]

&nbsp; &nbsp; except Exception as e:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return f"Error: {e}"

  

def run_write(path: str, content: str) -> str:

&nbsp; &nbsp; try:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; fp = safe_path(path)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; fp.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; fp.write_text(content)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return f"Wrote {len(content)} bytes"

&nbsp; &nbsp; except Exception as e:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return f"Error: {e}"

  

def run_edit(path: str, old_text: str, new_text: str) -> str:

&nbsp; &nbsp; try:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; fp = safe_path(path)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; content = fp.read_text()

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if old_text not in content:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return f"Error: Text not found in {path}"

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; fp.write_text(content.replace(old_text, new_text, 1))

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return f"Edited {path}"

&nbsp; &nbsp; except Exception as e:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return f"Error: {e}"

  
  

TOOL_HANDLERS = {

&nbsp; &nbsp; "bash": &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; lambda **kw: run_bash(kw["command"]),

&nbsp; &nbsp; "read_file": &nbsp;lambda **kw: run_read(kw["path"], kw.get("limit")),

&nbsp; &nbsp; "write_file": lambda **kw: run_write(kw["path"], kw["content"]),

&nbsp; &nbsp; "edit_file": &nbsp;lambda **kw: run_edit(kw["path"], kw["old_text"], kw["new_text"]),

&nbsp; &nbsp; "todo": &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; lambda **kw: TODO.update(kw["items"]),

}

  

TOOLS = [

&nbsp; &nbsp; {"name": "bash", "description": "Run a shell command.",

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"input_schema": {"type": "object", "properties": {"command": {"type": "string"}}, "required": ["command"]}},

&nbsp; &nbsp; {"name": "read_file", "description": "Read file contents.",

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"input_schema": {"type": "object", "properties": {"path": {"type": "string"}, "limit": {"type": "integer"}}, "required": ["path"]}},

&nbsp; &nbsp; {"name": "write_file", "description": "Write content to file.",

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"input_schema": {"type": "object", "properties": {"path": {"type": "string"}, "content": {"type": "string"}}, "required": ["path", "content"]}},

&nbsp; &nbsp; {"name": "edit_file", "description": "Replace exact text in file.",

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"input_schema": {"type": "object", "properties": {"path": {"type": "string"}, "old_text": {"type": "string"}, "new_text": {"type": "string"}}, "required": ["path", "old_text", "new_text"]}},

&nbsp; &nbsp; {"name": "todo", "description": "Update task list. Track progress on multi-step tasks.",

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;"input_schema": {"type": "object", "properties": {"items": {"type": "array", "items": {"type": "object", "properties": {"id": {"type": "string"}, "text": {"type": "string"}, "status": {"type": "string", "enum": ["pending", "in_progress", "completed"]}}, "required": ["id", "text", "status"]}}}, "required": ["items"]}},

]

  
  

# -- Agent loop with nag reminder injection --

def agent_loop(messages: list):

&nbsp; &nbsp; rounds_since_todo = 0

&nbsp; &nbsp; while True:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; # Nag reminder is injected below, alongside tool results

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; response = client.messages.create(

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; model=MODEL, system=SYSTEM, messages=messages,

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; tools=TOOLS, max_tokens=8000,

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; )

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": response.content})

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if response.stop_reason != "tool_use":

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; return

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; results = []

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; used_todo = False

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; for block in response.content:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if block.type == "tool_use":

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; handler = TOOL_HANDLERS.get(block.name)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; try:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; output = handler(**block.input) if handler else f"Unknown tool: {block.name}"

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; except Exception as e:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; output = f"Error: {e}"

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; print(f"> {block.name}: {str(output)[:200]}")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; results.append({"type": "tool_result", "tool_use_id": block.id, "content": str(output)})

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if block.name == "todo":

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; used_todo = True

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; rounds_since_todo = 0 if used_todo else rounds_since_todo + 1

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if rounds_since_todo >= 3:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; results.insert(0, {"type": "text", "text": "<reminder>Update your todos.</reminder>"})

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; messages.append({"role": "user", "content": results})

  
  

if __name__ == "__main__":

&nbsp; &nbsp; history = []

&nbsp; &nbsp; while True:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; try:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; query = input("\033[36ms03 >> \033[0m")

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; break

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if query.strip().lower() in ("q", "exit", ""):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; break

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; history.append({"role": "user", "content": query})

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; agent_loop(history)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; response_content = history[-1]["content"]

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if isinstance(response_content, list):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; for block in response_content:

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if hasattr(block, "text"):

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; print(block.text)

&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; print()
```

s01 > s02 > [ s03 ] s04 > s05 > s06 | s07 > s08 > s09 > s10 > s11 > s12

【从零手写 ClaudeCode：learn-claude-code 项目实战笔记】（3）TodoWrite (待办写入)

本文介绍 learn-claude-code 项目第3阶段（s03）的 TodoWrite（待办写入） 功能，用于解决大模型在长链路任务中"健忘"的问题。

编程语言

开源项目learn-claude-code详解AI Agent开发技巧，通过TodoManager类解决大模型多步任务健忘问题。采用显式状态管理和强制提醒机制，确保任务执行顺序性。提供完整Python代码实现，包含bash、文件读写等工具函数，帮助开发者构建更稳定的AI Agent系统。

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【从零手写 ClaudeCode：learn-claude-code 项目实战笔记】（3）TodoWrite (待办写入)

【从零手写 ClaudeCode：learn-claude-code 项目实战笔记】（3）TodoWrite (待办写入)

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