blocks|key|5282306|text|实现。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|5282307|抽象是一个简短的词，是获得一个真实世界事物的(简化)模型的心理过程，并且“紧凑”成一个概念或想法。|5282308|因此，相反的是，把一个概念或一个想法转化为现实世界的东西;-)|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|F|$]]

Implementation.

Abstraction is short words, is the mental process of obtaining a (reduced) model of a real world thing, and "compact" into a concept or an idea.

So the opposite is to take a concept or an idea, and turn it, into a reald world thing ;-)

blocks|key|1547354|text|通常|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1547355|混凝土化+-+As+in+C%2B%2B混凝土类|offset|length|1547356|在某些情况下：|1547357|专业化+-+As+in+C%2B%2B模板专业化|1547358|2012年6月12日:这是一个可爱的词：|1547359|物化+-+As+in+几种编程语言|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://www.thefreedictionary.com/concretization|1|http://www.brpreiss.com/books/opus4/html/page611.html|2|http://www.thefreedictionary.com/specialization|3|http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/template_specialization.html|4|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_%2528computer_science%2529|5|https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5314884/what-reify-and-reification-means-in-the-context-of-functional-programming^0|0|0|4|0|D|7|1|0|0|0|3|2|C|8|3|0|0|0|2|4|B|6|5^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|14|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|15|8|@]|9|@$D|16|E|17|1|18]|$D|19|E|1A|1|1B]]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|1C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|1D|8|@]|9|@$D|1E|E|1F|1|1G]|$D|1H|E|1I|1|1J]]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|1K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|6|7|1L|8|@]|9|@$D|1M|E|1N|1|1O]|$D|1P|E|1Q|1|1R]]|A|$]]]|N|$O|$5|P|Q|R|A|$S|T]]|U|$5|P|Q|R|A|$S|V]]|W|$5|P|Q|R|A|$S|X]]|Y|$5|P|Q|R|A|$S|Z]]|10|$5|P|Q|R|A|$S|11]]|12|$5|P|Q|R|A|$S|13]]]]

Usually

<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/concretization" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Concretization</a> - As in <a href="http://www.brpreiss.com/books/opus4/html/page611.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">C++ Concrete class</a>

and in some cases:

<a href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/specialization" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Specialization</a> - As in <a href="http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/template_specialization.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">C++ Template Specialization</a>

Added 12-June-2012: This is a lovely term:

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_%28computer_science%29" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Reification</a> - As in <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5314884/what-reify-and-reification-means-in-the-context-of-functional-programming">several programming languages</a>

blocks|key|5282091|text|在编制方案时，它的减少。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|5282092|还原论|offset|length|5282093|就像这样：“我把问题简化到了最简单的条件。”|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism^0|0|0|3|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|O|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|P|8|@]|9|@$D|Q|E|R|1|S]]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|6|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|H|$I|$5|J|K|L|A|$M|N]]]]

In the context of programming its reduction.

<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism" rel="noreferrer">Reductionism</a>

As in: "I have reduced the problem to its simplest terms."

blocks|key|5282421|text|“具体”是“抽象”的对立面，因此“抽象”的对立面在逻辑上是“具体化”。然而，并不是完全有意义的对立面，因为您通常只谈论抽象，很少认为抽象是相反的。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|entityMap^0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|B|$]]

"Concrete" is the opposite of "abstract", so the opposite of "abstraction" is logically "concretization". There isn't exactly a meaningful opposite however since you generally only talk about abstraction and rarely think about it's opposite.

blocks|key|5282209|text|我们从零开始吧。首先，什么是抽象？|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|5282210|问题/动机|header-two|5282211|当你编程时，你通常必须解决非常具体的问题。|5282212|抽象的主要动机是当您发现您的程序将整个问题作为一个单一单元处理的情况下，需要注意和理解的许多离散的小特性。这里的问题是，人类很难同时处理如此庞大的数据。|5282213|解决方案:抽象|5282214|为了让您能够理解实现您的想法所需的内容，您可以将详细的解决方案提取到简化的抽象中。|5282215|例如，让我们看看ORM+(对象-关系映射)，其中SQL被抽象为对象。|5282216|为了在没有抽象的情况下向数据库插入一个新项，程序员必须了解SQL。因此，要插入新项，程序员需要记住将新项插入到表中的SQL语法：|5282217|INSERT+INTO+Items+(field1,+field2)+VALUES+(value1,+value2)|code-block|syntax|javascript|5282218|但是有了抽象，程序员只需要知道他希望做什么的想法。面向对象的抽象可能如下所示：|5282219|Item+item+=+new+Item(value1,+value2)|5282220|您甚至可以更进一步地思考这样一个事实，即SQL本身对于大量复杂的数据存储结构和算法来说是一个巨大的抽象，它们完全取决于您学习一种简单的声明性语言的代价。|5282221|与抽象|5282222|的对立面|5282223|基于我们现在定义的抽象概念实际上是为了使它只知道手头上的最基本的概念，我们可以很容易地推断出抽象的反面实际上是潜台词，在这里，用法或理解需要对主体的特性有某种专门的知识。|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|18|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|D|7|19|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|E|3|F|5|6|7|1A|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|1B|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|D|7|1C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|6|7|1D|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|6|7|1E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|O|3|P|5|6|7|1F|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|S|7|1G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$T|U]]|$1|V|3|W|5|6|7|1H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|X|3|Y|5|S|7|1I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$T|U]]|$1|Z|3|10|5|6|7|1J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|11|3|12|5|D|7|1K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|13|3|14|5|6|7|1L|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|15|3|16|5|6|7|1M|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|17|$]]

Let's start from scratch. First of all, what indeed is abstraction?

<h3>The Problem/Motive</h3>

When you program, you often have to solve very specifically detailed problems.

The primary motive for abstraction is when you might find yourself at a situation where your program handles the whole problem as a single unit, with many discrete little peculiarities that require attention and understanding. The problem here is that it it's hard for human beings to handle such huge amounts of data at once.

<h3>The Solution: Abstraction</h3>

In order for you to be able to understand just what you need to in order to implement your idea, you extract detailed solutions into simplified abstractions.

For example, let's look at ORM (Object-Relational Mapping), where SQL is abstracted into objects.

In order to insert a new item to a database without abstractions, a programmer has to know SQL. So to insert a new item a programmer needs to remember the SQL syntax for inserting a new item into a table:

<pre><code>INSERT INTO Items (field1, field2) VALUES (value1, value2)
</code></pre>

But with abstractions, the programmer only needs to be aware of the idea of what he wishes to do. An object-oriented abstraction might look like:

<pre><code>Item item = new Item(value1, value2)
</code></pre>

You can even go a bit further and think about the fact that SQL itself is a huge abstraction for tons of sophisticated data-storage structures and algorithms, which are fully at your fingertips for the price of learning a simple declarative language.

<hr>

<h3>The Opposite of Abstraction</h3>

Based on what we now defined that abstraction is really all about making it sufficient to only know the quintessential concept at hand, we can easily deduce that the opposite of abstraction is in fact esoterica, where usage or understanding entails having some sort of specialized knowledge of the subject's peculiarities.

blocks|key|1547621|text|“分心”--就像当一段代码无法被理解而不知道运行时实际发生的事情的许多切线细节时会发生什么一样。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|entityMap^0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|B|$]]

"Distraction" -- as in what happens when a piece of code cannot be understood without being aware of many tangential details of what actually happens when it is run.

blocks|key|1547522|text|抽象确实来自abs-trahere，我认为它最好被翻译为“来自”(尽管直译将是反牵引力的)。我试图在博客帖子中解释这一点。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|offset|length|data|1547523|抽象是从具体事物中提取本质的过程。具体的事情通常是极其复杂的。例如，如果你看最近的椅子你可以看到，有很多的细节，这实际上构成了它。它的材料、结构、形状等等。但所有这些都不是必要的。重要的是，你可以坐在上面。|1547524|1547525|你对某事物的“抽象”是你看到的，当你看到它时。当你看那把椅子时，你会看到一张椅子。摔跤手可能真的会看到武器。|1547526|因此，从给定的角度来看，抽象的结果确实是某种事物的本质。|1547527|在位图或文本的情况下，抽象是将给定的值视为满足特定目的的东西。根据手头的编程语言，您可以在语言语义中表示您的想法。|1547528|1547529|但对你来说，根本的数据是否是“二进制”并不重要。如果它是从一卷辛苦工作的纸上实时读取的话，它就会工作得很好，它有用13位打孔模式编码的数据。你才不在乎呢。|1547530|1547531|当然，使用存储在内存中的二进制数据来实现一个具体的位图有一些明显的优势，而且大多数人会更喜欢这样。然而，仍然有许多方法实际编码位图信息，例如。而且，在彼此之间使用不同的方法甚至是有意义的。但是，除了基于多个约束选择表示的小代码外，您不希望了解位图的具体性质。你只在乎从你的角度看什么是必要的。在这个例子中，它可能是许多处理像素数据的方法。|1547532|因为抽象实际上首先是一个想法(就像在一个理想的模型中一样)，相反的可能被称为“化身”。因为编程很少是肉体上的事情，所以我们可以使用“实现”，而抽象通常被表示为接口。|1547533|1547534|@Lior所说的“合并”也是一个非常合适的词，尽管它更多地侧重于手段(即使某一事物具体化-这当然是不可避免的)，而不是实际的目标(即实现一个想法)。|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://back2dos.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/abstraction/^0|1E|4|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|14|8|@]|9|@$A|15|B|16|1|17]]|C|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|18|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|19|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|G|3|H|5|6|7|1A|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|6|7|1B|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|6|7|1C|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|M|3|-4|5|6|7|1D|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|6|7|1E|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|P|3|-4|5|6|7|1F|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|1G|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|S|3|T|5|6|7|1H|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|U|3|-4|5|6|7|1I|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]|$1|V|3|W|5|6|7|1J|8|@]|9|@]|C|$]]]|X|$Y|$5|Z|10|11|C|$12|13]]]]

Abstraction does come from abs-trahere and I'd say it is best translated as "draw from" (although the literal translation would thus be de-traction). I've tried to explain that in a <a href="http://back2dos.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/abstraction/" rel="nofollow">blog post</a>.

Abstraction is the process of drawing the essence from something concrete. Concrete things are usually enormously complex. For example, if you look at the closest chair you can see, there's a lot of details, that actually constitute it. Its material, its structure, its shape, and so on. But none of these things is really are essential. What's essential is, that you can sit on it. 
Your "abstract" of something is what you see, when you look at it. When you look at that chair, you see a chair. A wrestler might actually see a weapon instead. 

So the result of abstraction really is the essence of something from a given perspective.

In the case of a bitmap or a text, the abstraction is, that you think of a given value as something fulfilling a specific purpose. Depending on the programming language at hand, you can represent your thinking within the language semantics. 
But for you, it doesn't really matter, whether the underlying data is "binary". It would work just as well if it were read in real time from a roll of toiled paper, that has the data encoded with 13 bit hole punching pattern. You don't really care. 
Of course implementing a concrete bitmap using binary data stored in memory has some obvious advantages and most people will prefer that. Yet, there's still a number of ways to actually encode bitmap information for example. And it might even make sense to use different approaches along side each-other. But except for the little piece of code, which chooses the representation based on a number of constraints, you do not want to have any knowledge about the concrete nature of the bitmap. You only care about what's essential from your perspective. In this example it's probably a number of methods to manipulate pixel data.

Because an abstraction is actually first and foremost an idea (as in an ideal model of something), the opposite might be called "incarnation". Since programming is rarely a carnal thing, one might go with "implementation", while abstractions are often represented as interfaces. 
Concretization as said by @Lior, is also is a very suitable word, even though it focuses more on the means (i.e. rendering something concrete - which of course is inevitable) rather than the actual goal (i.e. to implement an idea).

blocks|key|1547609|text|抽象是移除细节以概括某事物的过程。如果抽象是对细节的删除，那么抽象的反面可能是规范。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|entityMap^0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|B|$]]

Abstraction is the process of removing specifics to generalize something. If abstraction is removal of specifics, then maybe the opposite of abstraction is specification.

As I understand it, abstraction is the term we use for when more meaning is created out of something simpler without altering it. It is derived from the latin verb abstrahere (to ‘draw away’). For instance, text is just one abstraction of binary data—as are bitmaps. So, in computers, text and bitmaps exist on top of (are implemented in terms of) binary data.

My question is: what is the opposite term? If I want to know the possible more basic things that bitmaps could be implemented in terms of other than binary data—things like tiles for a mosaic or fabric patches for a patchwork quilt—what am I asking for? Is there a word for that?

Abstraction has connotations of generalization and the opposite process of that is specialization. IDK whether that helps.

What’s the opposite of abstraction?

翻译质量差，导致语言生硬或混乱。

没有提供实际的解决方法或示例。

解答不清晰，无法理解或解决问题。

页面排版不美观，阅读体验差。

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据我所知，抽象是指在不改变更简单的意义的情况下从更简单的事物中创造出更多意义的术语。它来源于拉丁语动词的省略(意思是“抽离”)。例如，文本只是二进制数据的一种抽象，位图也是如此。因此，在计算机中，在二进制数据之上存在文本和位图。我的问题是:什么是相反的术语？如果我想知道位图可以用二进制数据以外的其他方式实现的可能更基本的东西--比如马赛克的瓷砖或者拼成被子的织物补丁--那我想要什么呢？有这个词吗？

问抽象的对立面是什么？
EN

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