apt忘记了1000多个软件包，我无法重新安装

Question

我在运行20.04.2 LTS (Focal Fossa)

我有几天没有运行aptitude了。它总是工作的很好，但当我现在尝试，它开始给我"e检查“对话框，每次我运行它。当我键入"e“时，它将运行10-20分钟，页面顶部显示如下内容：

open: aaa; closed: bbb; defer: ccc; conflict: ddd

其中'aaa'，'bbb'，'ccc'，'ddd‘正在增加数值.而“aaa”和“bbb”正在迅速增长，高达5万多。

过了一会儿，aptitude就退出了。

此时，如果我运行dpkg --configure -a，它将很快返回到命令提示符，没有错误。但是，当我运行apt-get install -f时，我得到了一个超过1000个包名的列表，后面跟着这个.

Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

这些包中的大多数(实际上可能全部)都是我日复一日使用的项目，不应该删除它们。

哦，同样，如果我捕获了在执行apt-get install -f时显示的大量包列表，如果我为每个包名生成了大约1000个apt install PKG命令，然后运行这个命令，我只会得到多个列表，其中每个命令的包都是相同的1000个左右的包，然后在每次运行apt install PKG之后都会发出同样的“使用sudo apt自动删除”消息。

不知怎么的，我的apt缓存似乎被冲洗了。我不知道是什么导致了这一切。

但是，我真的不想花时间去弄清楚为什么会发生这种情况。我只想修复它，这样所有的包都可以通过apt重新正确地安装和管理。

有人能帮我找到能帮我的医生吗?或者建议一个解决方案？

先谢谢你。

<#>PS：我的/etc/apt/sources.list已经几个星期没有改变了，/etc/apt/source.list.d中的任何文件也很长时间没有改变。实际上，自几个月前以来，在/etc/apt下似乎没有任何变化。

PPS*：下面是/var/log/apt/history.log的最后十几行代码.

Start-Date: 2021-07-24  20:01:24
Requested-By: ljz (1000)
Install: linux-headers-5.4.0-80-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-80.90, automatic), linux-modules-5.4.0-80-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-80.90, automatic), linux-headers-5.4.0-80:amd64 (5.4.0-80.90, automatic), linux-image-5.4.0-80-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-80.90, automatic), linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-80-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-80.90, automatic)
Upgrade: networkd-dispatcher:amd64 (2.0.1-1, 2.1-2~ubuntu20.04.1), linux-headers-generic:amd64 (5.4.0.77.80, 5.4.0.80.84), linux-libc-dev:amd64 (5.4.0-77.86, 5.4.0-80.90), libcurl4:amd64 (7.68.0-1ubuntu2.5, 7.68.0-1ubuntu2.6), ruby2.7:amd64 (2.7.0-5ubuntu1.4, 2.7.0-5ubuntu1.5), libsystemd0:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), linux-image-generic:amd64 (5.4.0.77.80, 5.4.0.80.84), libsystemd-dev:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), python3-pip:amd64 (20.0.2-5ubuntu1.5, 20.0.2-5ubuntu1.6), udev:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), ruby2.7-dev:amd64 (2.7.0-5ubuntu1.4, 2.7.0-5ubuntu1.5), ruby2.7-doc:amd64 (2.7.0-5ubuntu1.4, 2.7.0-5ubuntu1.5), libudev1:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), systemd-timesyncd:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), libxnvctrl0:amd64 (460.73.01-0ubuntu0.20.04.1, 470.57.01-0ubuntu0.20.04.1), libglib2.0-dev-bin:amd64 (2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.3, 2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.4), libruby2.7:amd64 (2.7.0-5ubuntu1.4, 2.7.0-5ubuntu1.5), systemd-sysv:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), libglib2.0-bin:amd64 (2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.3, 2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.4), libpam-systemd:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), libglib2.0-dev:amd64 (2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.3, 2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.4), libglib2.0-doc:amd64 (2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.3, 2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.4), systemd:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), libnss-systemd:amd64 (245.4-4ubuntu3.7, 245.4-4ubuntu3.11), libglib2.0-data:amd64 (2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.3, 2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.4), curl:amd64 (7.68.0-1ubuntu2.5, 7.68.0-1ubuntu2.6), linux-generic:amd64 (5.4.0.77.80, 5.4.0.80.84), python-pip-whl:amd64 (20.0.2-5ubuntu1.5, 20.0.2-5ubuntu1.6), libglib2.0-0:amd64 (2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.3, 2.64.6-1~ubuntu20.04.4), libcurl3-gnutls:amd64 (7.68.0-1ubuntu2.5, 7.68.0-1ubuntu2.6)
End-Date: 2021-07-24  20:02:46

Start-Date: 2021-07-25  19:31:25
Requested-By: ljz (1000)
Remove: linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-74-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-74.83), linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-73-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-73.82)
End-Date: 2021-07-25  19:31:28

Start-Date: 2021-07-27  18:56:53
Requested-By: ljz (1000)
Upgrade: libaspell15:amd64 (0.60.8-1build1, 0.60.8-1ubuntu0.1), aspell:amd64 (0.60.8-1build1, 0.60.8-1ubuntu0.1), libmysqlclient21:amd64 (8.0.25-0ubuntu0.20.04.1, 8.0.26-0ubuntu0.20.04.2), teamviewer:amd64 (15.19.3, 15.20.3)
End-Date: 2021-07-27  18:57:05

aptitude在2021-07-24左右运行良好，所以无论是什么破坏了我的设置，肯定是在那之后发生的。

Output of sudo aptitude search ?broken

iB  anydesk                                                 - The fastest remote desktop software on the market.                
iBA apt                                                     - commandline package manager                                       
iBA aptitude                                                - terminal-based package manager                                    
iBA base-files                                              - Debian base system miscellaneous files                            
iBA base-passwd                                             - Debian base system master password and group files                
iBA bash                                                    - GNU Bourne Again SHell                                            
iBA bsdutils                                                - basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite                                  
iB  chromium-common                                         - web browser - common resources used by the chromium packages      
iB  chromium-sandbox                                        - web browser - setuid security sandbox for chromium                
iB  containerd.io                                           - An open and reliable container runtime                            
iBA coreutils                                               - GNU core utilities                                                
iBA dash                                                    - POSIX-compliant shell                                             
iBA debianutils                                             - Miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian                        
iBA diffutils                                               - File comparison utilities                                         
iBA dpkg                                                    - Debian package management system                                  
iBA e2fsprogs                                               - ext2/ext3/ext4 file system utilities                              
iBA fdisk                                                   - collection of partitioning utilities                              
iBA findutils                                               - utilities for finding files--find, xargs                          
iB  google-chrome-stable                                    - The web browser from Google                                       
iBA grep                                                    - GNU grep, egrep and fgrep                                         
iBA gzip                                                    - GNU compression utilities                                         
iBA hostname                                                - utility to set/show the host name or domain name                  
iBA libc-bin                                                - GNU C Library: Binaries                                           
iBA libcurl3-gnutls                                         - easy-to-use client-side URL transfer library (GnuTLS flavour)     
iBA libglib2.0-0                                            - GLib library of C routines                                        
iBA libnss-systemd                                          - nss module providing dynamic user and group name resolution       
iBA libpam-systemd                                          - system and service manager - PAM module                           
iBA libsystemd0                                             - systemd utility library                                           
iBA libudev1                                                - libudev shared library                                            
iBA linux-base                                              - Linux image base package                                          
iBA linux-headers-5.4.0-80-generic                          - Linux kernel headers for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP          
iBA linux-image-5.4.0-80-generic                            - Signed kernel image generic                                       
iBA linux-image-generic                                     - Generic Linux kernel image                                        
iBA linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-80-generic                    - Linux kernel extra modules for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP    
iBA login                                                   - system login tools                                                
iBA mount                                                   - tools for mounting and manipulating filesystems                   
iBA ncurses-bin                                             - terminal-related programs and man pages                           
iB  net.downloadhelper.coapp                                - Video DownloadHelper companion app                                
iBA networkd-dispatcher                                     - Dispatcher service for systemd-networkd connection status changes 
iB  ocenaudio                                               - Ocenaudio is a fast, cross-platform audio editor.                 
iB  palemoon                                                - Firefox-based, efficient and easy to use web browser              
iBA perl-base                                               - minimal Perl system                                               
iB  rpi-imager                                              - Raspberry Pi imaging utility                                      
iBA sed                                                     - GNU stream editor for filtering/transforming text                 
iB  signal-desktop                                          - Private messaging from your desktop                               
iB  signal-desktop-beta                                     - Private messaging from your desktop                               
iBA systemd                                                 - system and service manager                                        
iBA systemd-timesyncd                                       - minimalistic service to synchronize local time with NTP servers   
iBA sysvinit-utils                                          - System-V-like utilities                                           
iBA tar                                                     - GNU version of the tar archiving utility                          
iBA util-linux                                              - miscellaneous system utilities                                    
iB  vdpau-va-driver                                         - VDPAU-based backend for VA API                                    
iB  zoom                                                    - Zoom, #1 Video Conferencing and Web Conferencing Service          

And这里有更多信息：

% sudo apt update
Hit:1 https://linux.teamviewer.com/deb stable InRelease
Hit:2 https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial InRelease                                     
Get:3 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security InRelease [114 kB]                         
Hit:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal InRelease                                                    
Hit:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates InRelease                                            
Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-backports InRelease [101 kB]
Hit:7 http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal InRelease                                
Fetched 214 kB in 1s (178 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
3 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.

% sudo apt list --upgradeable
Listing... Done
signal-desktop-beta/xenial 5.11.0-beta.3 amd64 [upgradable from: 5.8.0-beta.1]
signal-desktop/xenial 5.10.0 amd64 [upgradable from: 5.9.0]
ubuntu-advantage-tools/focal-updates 27.2.2~20.04.1 amd64 [upgradable from: 27.1~20.0

% sudo apt-get install -f
Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  fonts-ubuntu fonts-uralic fotoxx fotoxx-common friendly-recovery ftp gdal-data gegl genisoimage geoclue-2.0 geoip-database
  [ ... more than 100 lines containing more package names ... ]
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.

Still更多.

grep -r "^deb" /etc/apt/ --include=*.list
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal restricted main universe multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates restricted main universe multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu focal partner
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security main restricted
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security restricted main universe multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security universe
/etc/apt/sources.list:deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-security multiverse
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/teamviewer.list:deb https://linux.teamviewer.com/deb stable main
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/signal-xenial.list:deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/signal-desktop-keyring.gpg] https://updates.signal.org/desktop/apt xenial main

Possible解决方案……

如果我做下面的事呢..。

1. 运行sudo apt-get install -f >apt-installs
2. 编辑该文件，删除包名前面的行，并在每一行的开头加上"sudo apt install“。
3. 运行"sudo apt自动删除“
4. 运行"bash apt安装“来重新安装每个软件包。

以下是第二步之后的“apt安装”文件的样子.

sudo apt install accountsservice acpi-support acpid adb alsa-base android-libadb android-libbase android-libboringssl android-libcrypto-utils
sudo apt install android-libcutils android-liblog android-sdk-platform-tools-common apt-rdepends aptdaemon aptdaemon-data apturl apturl-common
sudo apt install aria2 audacious audacious-plugins audacious-plugins-data bind9-dnsutils blueman bluez bluez-cups brltty brltty-x11 brotli
sudo apt install busybox-static byobu catdoc catfish cheese-common cinnamon-desktop-data cinnamon-l10n clang-format-11 clang-tidy-11
sudo apt install clang-tools-11 command-not-found cppcheck cvs dc dctrl-tools debhelper debtree devilspie devilspie2 dh-autoreconf
sudo apt install dh-elpa-helper dh-strip-nondeterminism diffstat distro-info dmz-cursor-theme doc-base docbook-xml dwz efibootmgr elfutils
[ ... etc. ... for more than 100 lines ]

你们觉得怎么样？这能解决我的问题吗？

More跟踪.

在对apt进行了更多的研究之后，我现在看到sudo apt autoremove确实会卸载所有这些软件包。那是超过1000个包，我的系统在那之后确实会变得很难用。我不清楚运行所有这些sudo apt install ...命令是否有效，因为这么多的其他软件都会被卸载。

所以我还是被困住了。:(

我不想卸载任何软件。我只想让apt缓存恢复到可用状态，而不更改任何现有的软件安装。

Answer 1

我想出了解决这个问题的方法。我需要删除和重新安装所有的1000多个软件包，我这样做了一个接一个。然后我需要重新安装aptitude。为了解决这个问题，我执行了以下步骤.

Step 1:

% sudo apt-get install -f >apt-installs

运行这个之后，apt-installs文件包含了这些数据.

Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  activity-log-manager apg audacious audacious-plugins cppcheck cracklib-runtime dh-strip-nondeterminism docbook-xml
  [ ... more than 180 lines containing lists of package names ... ]
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.

Step 2:

我编辑了这个apt-installs文件以删除前4行和底部2行，并对其进行了重新格式化，以便每行有一个包名。

Step 3:

我将字符串fixit加到每一行的开头。

Step 4:

我创建了一个名为fixit的shell函数，以删除并安装指定的包，并将该函数放在apt-installs文件的顶部。接下来，下面是apt-installs前十几行的样子.

fixit() {
  [[ $# -lt 1 ]] && return 0
  package="${1}"
  shift
  echo "### fixing ${package}"
  apt-get -y remove "${package}"
  apt-get -y install "${package}"
  echo ''
}
              
fixit activity-log-manager
fixit apg
fixit audacious
fixit audacious-plugins
fixit cppcheck
fixit cracklib-runtime
fixit dh-strip-nondeterminism
fixit docbook-xml
fixit gkbd-capplet
fixit gnome-bluetooth
fixit gnome-control-center-data
[ ... etc. ... more than 1,500 lines ]

Step 5:

我查过这个：

% sudo bash apt-installs

这将删除并重新安装每个包。

这些零碎的“删除/安装”运行在每个包的优点是，只有一个，单个软件包被卸载，然后在任何时候重新安装，而不是吹走1,500多个软件通过一个apt autoremove，从而使我的系统无法运行。

Step 6:

然后我运行了这两个命令。

% sudo apt-get purge aptitude
% sudo apt-get install aptitude

在我这么做之前，aptitude仍然是挂着和崩溃的，即使在所有软件包重新安装之后。这个清除/安装修复了aptitude崩溃。

现在，apt、apt-get和aptitude再次正常工作，我的系统仍然可用。

结局好，一切都好。