我的内核是什么时候更新和安装的？

Question

这个问题与在更新内核时避免缺少内核linux模块-额外的泛型。有关

更新内核的过程需要几个步骤。我的问题是：

1. 在更新内核的所有可能方法(例如，https://ostechnix.com/different-ways-to-update-linux-kernel-for-ubuntu/和其他未列出的方法)中，我如何知道在我的系统中使用了哪些？我实际上是想确认它是来自自动更新(unattended-upgrades，还是其他的？)
2. 我如何知道导致新内核的每一个步骤是当前发生的(安装内核包、重新启动等等)？我想做些“鉴证”。

Answer 1

我列出了我能收集到的信息，以及如何收集。下面是细节。

1. 如何安装每个包(哪种方法，自动/手动)。用apt list --installed | egrep '^linux' | grep $(uname -r)。
2. 安装每个软件包的时间和方式。在/var/log/apt/history.log*上使用D6(我复制和sudo gunzip在其他地方保持清洁)。
3. 当每个包被安装时。和grep $(uname -r)在/var/log/dpkg.log*上。
4. 当电脑重新启动的时候。我不知道这个信息是否完整(例如，包括停电等)。和grep reboot在/var/log/kern.log*上。这给出了重新启动的日期/时间，以及我不知道它们的含义的数字。和grep reboot在/var/log/dmesg*上。这只给出了kern.log*中的最后一次重新启动(每个文件一个，因此我猜每个文件都是在重新启动时开始的)，同时只提供了数字。和grep reboot在/var/log/syslog*上。在日期/时间上，这比dmesg*少了几个重新启动。grep shutdown on /var/log/syslog*没有提供更多的信息。

How每个包都安装了(哪种方法，自动/手动)

我从apt list --installed | egrep '^linux' | grep $(uname -r)获得了4个包：

linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic/focal-updates,focal-security,now 5.4.0-42.46 amd64 [installed,automatic]
linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic/focal-updates,focal-security,now 5.4.0-42.46 amd64 [installed]
linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic/focal-updates,focal-security,now 5.4.0-42.46 amd64 [installed]
linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic/focal-updates,focal-security,now 5.4.0-42.46 amd64 [installed,automatic]

这显示内核是自动更新的。

When和每个包是如何安装的

Grepping /var/log/apt/history.log*.

$ grep -B 4 -A 4 -nH $(uname -r) /var/log/apt/history.log
...
/var/log/apt/history.log-67-Start-Date: 2020-08-06  18:34:47
/var/log/apt/history.log:68:Commandline: apt-get install linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic
/var/log/apt/history.log-69-Requested-By: user1 (1000)
/var/log/apt/history.log:70:Install: linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-42.46)
/var/log/apt/history.log-71-End-Date: 2020-08-06  18:35:41
...
$ grep -B 4 -A 4 -nH $(uname -r) history.log.1
...
history.log.1-208-Start-Date: 2020-07-22  06:26:33
history.log.1-209-Commandline: /usr/bin/unattended-upgrade
history.log.1:210:Install: linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-42.46, automatic), linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-42.46, automatic), linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 (5.4.0-42.46, automatic)
history.log.1-211-Upgrade: linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 (5.4.0-40.44, 5.4.0-42.46)
history.log.1-212-End-Date: 2020-07-22  06:27:05
...
$ grep -B 4 -A 4 -nH $(uname -r) history.log.2

When每个包都安装了

Grepping /var/log/dpkg.log*.

$ grep -B 6 -A 5 -nH $(uname -r) /var/log/dpkg.log
...
/var/log/dpkg.log-318-2020-08-06 18:34:48 startup archives unpack
/var/log/dpkg.log:319:2020-08-06 18:34:54 install linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64  5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log:320:2020-08-06 18:34:54 status half-installed linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log:321:2020-08-06 18:35:00 status unpacked linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log-322-2020-08-06 18:35:00 startup packages configure
/var/log/dpkg.log:323:2020-08-06 18:35:00 configure linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46 
/var/log/dpkg.log:324:2020-08-06 18:35:00 status unpacked linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log:325:2020-08-06 18:35:01 status half-configured linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log:326:2020-08-06 18:35:05 status installed linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log:327:2020-08-06 18:35:05 status triggers-pending linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log:328:2020-08-06 18:35:05 trigproc linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46 
/var/log/dpkg.log:329:2020-08-06 18:35:05 status half-configured linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log:330:2020-08-06 18:35:41 status installed linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46

$ grep -B 6 -A 5 -nH $(uname -r) /var/log/dpkg.log.1
...
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3123:2020-07-22 06:26:33 install linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64  5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3124:2020-07-22 06:26:33 status half-installed linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3125:2020-07-22 06:26:36 status unpacked linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3126:2020-07-22 06:26:36 install linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64  5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3127:2020-07-22 06:26:36 status half-installed linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3128:2020-07-22 06:26:37 status unpacked linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3129:2020-07-22 06:26:38 install linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64  5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3130:2020-07-22 06:26:38 status half-installed linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3131:2020-07-22 06:26:39 status unpacked linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3132-2020-07-22 06:26:39 upgrade linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-40.44 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3133-2020-07-22 06:26:39 status half-configured linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-40.44
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3134-2020-07-22 06:26:39 status unpacked linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-40.44
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3135-2020-07-22 06:26:39 status half-installed linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-40.44
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3136-2020-07-22 06:26:39 status unpacked linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3137-2020-07-22 06:26:39 startup packages configure
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3138:2020-07-22 06:26:39 configure linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46 
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3139:2020-07-22 06:26:39 status unpacked linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3140:2020-07-22 06:26:39 status half-configured linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3141:2020-07-22 06:26:40 status installed linux-modules-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3142:2020-07-22 06:26:40 configure linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46 
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3143:2020-07-22 06:26:40 status unpacked linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3144:2020-07-22 06:26:40 status half-configured linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3145:2020-07-22 06:26:41 status installed linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3146:2020-07-22 06:26:41 status triggers-pending linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3147:2020-07-22 06:26:41 configure linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46 
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3148:2020-07-22 06:26:41 status unpacked linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3149:2020-07-22 06:26:41 status half-configured linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3150:2020-07-22 06:26:43 status installed linux-modules-nvidia-390-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3151-2020-07-22 06:26:43 configure linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-42.46 
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3152-2020-07-22 06:26:43 status unpacked linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3153-2020-07-22 06:26:43 status half-configured linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1-3154-2020-07-22 06:26:43 status installed linux-modules-nvidia-390-generic-hwe-20.04:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3155:2020-07-22 06:26:43 trigproc linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46 
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3156:2020-07-22 06:26:43 status half-configured linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
/var/log/dpkg.log.1:3157:2020-07-22 06:27:04 status installed linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic:amd64 5.4.0-42.46
...