安装最新的Nvidia驱动程序:未满足的依赖项

Question

几个月前，我用sudo do-release-upgrade将系统从16.04升级到18.04。很多东西坏了，我无法登录到Nvidia驱动程序，等等，但不知何故，我设法让东西正常工作。

然而，现在当我尝试用sudo ubuntu-drivers autoinstall更新GPU驱动程序时，我会遇到以下问题：

Some packages could not be installed. This may mean that you have
requested an impossible situation or if you are using the unstable
distribution that some required packages have not yet been created
or been moved out of Incoming.
The following information may help to resolve the situation:

The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 nvidia-driver-440 : Depends: libnvidia-gl-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Depends: nvidia-dkms-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1)
                     Depends: nvidia-kernel-source-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Depends: nvidia-compute-utils-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Depends: libnvidia-decode-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Depends: libnvidia-encode-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Depends: xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Depends: libnvidia-cfg1-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Depends: libnvidia-ifr1-440 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1) but it is not going to be installed
                     Recommends: libnvidia-compute-440:i386 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1)
                     Recommends: libnvidia-decode-440:i386 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1)
                     Recommends: libnvidia-encode-440:i386 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1)
                     Recommends: libnvidia-ifr1-440:i386 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1)
                     Recommends: libnvidia-fbc1-440:i386 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1)
                     Recommends: libnvidia-gl-440:i386 (= 440.82-0ubuntu0~0.18.04.1)
E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.

我对软件包经理不了解，我真的很感激你的帮助！

注意:我尝试手动安装推荐的软件包，但是软件包管理器正在删除大量安装的软件包，这让我很担心。所以我取消了安装。

Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  apturl cuda-cudart-10-1 cuda-cudart-dev-10-1 cuda-cufft-10-1 cuda-cufft-dev-10-1 cuda-cuobjdump-10-1 cuda-curand-10-1 cuda-curand-dev-10-1 cuda-cusolver-10-1 cuda-cusolver-dev-10-1
  cuda-cusparse-10-1 cuda-cusparse-dev-10-1 cuda-driver-dev-10-1 cuda-gdb-10-1 cuda-gpu-library-advisor-10-1 cuda-libraries-10-1 cuda-libraries-dev-10-1 cuda-license-10-1 cuda-memcheck-10-1
  cuda-misc-headers-10-1 cuda-npp-10-1 cuda-npp-dev-10-1 cuda-nsight-10-1 cuda-nsight-compute-10-1 cuda-nsight-systems-10-1 cuda-nvdisasm-10-1 cuda-nvgraph-10-1 cuda-nvgraph-dev-10-1
  cuda-nvjpeg-10-1 cuda-nvjpeg-dev-10-1 cuda-nvml-dev-10-1 cuda-nvprof-10-1 cuda-nvprune-10-1 cuda-nvrtc-10-1 cuda-nvrtc-dev-10-1 cuda-nvtx-10-1 cuda-nvvp-10-1 cuda-sanitizer-api-10-1
  cuda-visual-tools-10-1 freeglut3 freeglut3-dev gstreamer1.0-gtk3 i965-va-driver ibverbs-providers libaacs0 libaio1 libavcodec-dev libavcodec57 libavutil-dev libavutil55 libbdplus0 libblas-dev
  libblas3 libbluray2 libcrystalhd3 libcublas-dev libcublas10 libdrm-dev libetonyek-0.1-1 libgl1-mesa-dev libgles1 libglu1-mesa-dev libglvnd-core-dev libglvnd-dev libgnome-autoar-0-0
  libgoogle-perftools4 libgsm1 libibverbs1 libiscsi7 libnl-route-3-200 libnvidia-common-418 libopengl0 libopenjp2-7 libshine3 libsnappy1v5 libsoxr0 libssh-gcrypt-4 libswresample-dev libswresample2
  libtcmalloc-minimal4 libva-drm2 libva-x11-2 libva2 libwpd-0.10-10 libx11-xcb-dev libx264-152 libx265-146 libxcb-dri2-0-dev libxcb-dri3-dev libxcb-glx0-dev libxcb-present-dev libxcb-randr0-dev
  libxcb-render0-dev libxcb-shape0-dev libxcb-sync-dev libxcb-xfixes0-dev libxdamage-dev libxshmfence-dev libxvidcore4 libxxf86vm-dev libyaml-cpp0.5v5 libzvbi-common libzvbi0 mesa-common-dev
  mesa-va-drivers mongo-tools nsight-compute-2019.4.0 nsight-systems-2019.3.7 nvidia-modprobe ocl-icd-libopencl1 va-driver-all x11proto-damage-dev x11proto-xf86vidmode-dev
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libnvidia-common-440 libnvidia-compute-440 libnvidia-fbc1-440 nvidia-utils-440
Recommended packages:
  libnvidia-compute-440:i386 libnvidia-decode-440:i386 libnvidia-encode-440:i386 libnvidia-ifr1-440:i386 libnvidia-fbc1-440:i386 libnvidia-gl-440:i386
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  build-essential compiz-core compiz-plugins-default cuda cuda-10-1 cuda-command-line-tools-10-1 cuda-compiler-10-1 cuda-cupti-10-1 cuda-demo-suite-10-1 cuda-documentation-10-1 cuda-drivers
  cuda-nvcc-10-1 cuda-runtime-10-1 cuda-samples-10-1 cuda-toolkit-10-1 cuda-tools-10-1 eog firefox g++ g++-7 gnome-sudoku google-chrome-stable libabw-0.1-1 libavformat-dev libavformat57
  libboost-program-options1.65.1 libcdr-0.1-1 libchromaprint1 libe-book-0.1-1 libepubgen-0.1-1 libexempi3 libexiv2-14 libfreehand-0.1-1 libgexiv2-2 libgfortran4 libglibmm-2.4-1v5 libgme0
  liblapack-dev liblapack3 liblua5.2-0 libmspub-0.1-1 libnvidia-cfg1-418 libnvidia-compute-418 libnvidia-decode-418 libnvidia-encode-418 libnvidia-fbc1-418 libnvidia-gl-418 libnvidia-ifr1-418
  libopenmpt0 libpagemaker-0.0-0 libpcrecpp0v5 libproxy1-plugin-gsettings libproxy1-plugin-networkmanager libqqwing2v5 libqt4-dbus libqt4-declarative libqt4-network libqt4-script libqt4-sql
  libqt4-xmlpatterns libqt5qml5 libqt5quick5 libqt5sql5 libqt5sql5-sqlite libqtgui4 libquvi7 librados2 libraw16 librbd1 libreoffice-avmedia-backend-gstreamer libreoffice-base-core libreoffice-calc
  libreoffice-draw libreoffice-gnome libreoffice-gtk3 libreoffice-impress libreoffice-math libreoffice-ogltrans libreoffice-writer libsigc++-2.0-0v5 libsignon-extension1 libsignon-plugins-common1
  libsignon-qt5-1 libstdc++-7-dev libvisio-0.1-1 libwpg-0.3-3 libwps-0.4-4 mongodb mongodb-clients mongodb-server mongodb-server-core nautilus nautilus-share nvidia-compute-utils-418
  nvidia-dkms-418 nvidia-driver-418 nvidia-kernel-common-418 nvidia-kernel-source-418 nvidia-utils-418 printer-driver-brlaser printer-driver-splix qdbus qemu-block-extra qemu-utils
  qml-module-qtquick2 qt-at-spi qtchooser qtdeclarative5-qtquick2-plugin shotwell telnet thunderbird thunderbird-gnome-support ubuntu-desktop xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-418
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libnvidia-cfg1-440 libnvidia-common-440 libnvidia-compute-440 libnvidia-decode-440 libnvidia-encode-440 libnvidia-fbc1-440 libnvidia-gl-440 libnvidia-ifr1-440 nvidia-compute-utils-440
  nvidia-dkms-440 nvidia-driver-440 nvidia-kernel-common-440 nvidia-kernel-source-440 nvidia-utils-440 xserver-xorg-video-nvidia-440
0 upgraded, 15 newly installed, 114 to remove and 0 not upgraded.

Answer 1

从Ubuntu18.04与当前的Nvidia驱动程序(435或440取决于内核，不需要图形驱动程序ppa )，所描述的问题是由安装一个CUDA deb文件与一个旧的Nvidia 418驱动程序(就在软件包名称中)。

这将移除(但不是清除) Nvidia 440，如果对440进行简单的重新安装尝试，就会失败，出现上面提到的关于缺少依赖项的错误。

1. 您可以将nvida驱动程序-435和所有缺少的依赖项放在一行上：sudo apt-get install nvidia-driver-440 libnvidia-gl-440等。)440驱动程序就会安装好。
2. 当418驱动程序被移除时，您将被通知所有依赖它的库达债务，并且现在被自动移除。这实际上是一个可运行的状态，但您确实不希望随机自动删除删除所有CUDA文件。
   1. 在进行自动删除之前，只需复制已安装的整个cuda目录即可。使用保留链接的副本。
   2. 然后，自动删除，它清理包的信息，摆脱所有的CUDA包，并复制回CUDA目录(或者只是mv，如果你不想把它作为备份)。

您现在有一个CUDA安装没有绑定到包系统，所以不要期待任何更新。也许这很好，因为DNN和Tensorflow这样的版本与其他版本有着如此紧密的联系。

刚刚在20.04B上完成了这个过程，我认为使用.run文件可以避免这些问题，并允许跳过Nvidia驱动程序的混乱。

还有其他不含Nvidia驱动程序的CUDA软件包。查找完整的.deb文件列表，也许顶级的一个(它会吸引所有其他文件)就能工作了。在他们的名字里没有"nvidia“这样的借记簿，所以我认为这应该是可行的。

我能理解Nvidia为什么这么做，这就是他们所构建和测试的，并且真的不想花费任何努力来支持未经测试的配置，但是CUDA只是一个应用程序，用户可以在不接触任何系统文件的情况下安装它。

我认为旧的CUDA版本只是在他们的顶级deb文件，所以一个简单的提取，改变路径和LD_LIBRARY_PATH工作。