如何逃离依赖地狱？

Question

我有一个Ubuntu计算机没有互联网和Ubuntu计算机与互联网。没有互联网的驱动程序需要通过ndiswrapper安装。问题是，ndiswrapper-dkms依赖于dkms，它依赖于一些东西，而这几件事情依赖于很多事情，这些事情更依赖于更多，等等。到目前为止，我已经手动下载了92个依赖项，我仍然需要更多。我一直在用密码

for i in $(apt-cache depends  | grep -E 'Depends|Recommends|Suggests' | cut -d ':' -f 2,3 | sed -e s/'<'/''/ -e s/'>'/''/); do sudo apt-get download $i 2>>errors.txt; done

它完成了任务，但只针对一个包的依赖项，而不是包的依赖项等等。这变成了一个多小时的斗争，以获得所有的包，它真的很乏味。我一直在运行这段代码，以便将.deb文件下载到我的在线计算机上的USB驱动器，然后移动到脱机计算机插入驱动器，然后在文件夹中运行sudo apt install ./*并希望得到最好的结果。它通常会吐出这样的东西：

...
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 binutils : Depends: binutils-common (= 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.1) but 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04 is to be installed
            Depends: libbinutils (= 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.1) but 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04 is to be installed
            Depends: binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu (= 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04.1) but 2.30-21ubuntu1~18.04 is to be installed
 cpp-doc : Depends: cpp-7-doc (>= 7.4.0-1~) but it is not installable
 file : Depends: libmagic1 (= 1:5.32-2ubuntu0.2) but 1:5.32-2ubuntu0.1 is to be installed
 g++-7 : Depends: libstdc++-7-dev (= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 g++-multilib : Depends: g++-7-multilib (>= 7.4.0-1~) but it is not installable
 gcc-7-multilib : Depends: lib32gcc-7-dev (= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                  Depends: libx32gcc-7-dev (= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 gfortran : Depends: gfortran-7 (>= 7.4.0-1~) but it is not installable
 glibc-doc : Depends: glibc-doc-reference (>= 2.18) but it is not installable
 libasan4-dbg : Depends: libasan4 (= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libatomic1-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
                  Depends: libatomic1 (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libbabeltrace1 : Depends: libdw1 (>= 0.126) but it is not installable
 libcc1-0 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
 libcilkrts5-dbg : Depends: libcilkrts5 (= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libfl-dev : Depends: libfl2 (= 2.6.4-6) but it is not installable
 libgcc-7-dev : Depends: libitm1 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                Depends: libatomic1 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                Depends: libasan4 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                Depends: liblsan0 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                Depends: libtsan0 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                Depends: libubsan0 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                Depends: libcilkrts5 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
                Depends: libmpx2 (>= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libgcc1 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
 libgcc1-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
 libgomp1-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
                Depends: libgomp1 (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
 libitm1-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
               Depends: libitm1 (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 liblsan0-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
                Depends: liblsan0 (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libmpx2-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
               Depends: libmpx2 (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libquadmath0-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
                    Depends: libquadmath0 (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
 libstdc++6 : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
 libtsan0-dbg : Depends: gcc-8-base (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but 8.2.0-1ubuntu2~18.04 is to be installed
                Depends: libtsan0 (= 8.3.0-6ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libubsan0-dbg : Depends: libubsan0 (= 7.4.0-1ubuntu1~18.04) but it is not installable
 libumfpack5 : Depends: libcholmod3 (>= 1:4.5.2) but it is not going to be installed
 m4 : Depends: libsigsegv2 (>= 2.9) but it is not installable
E: Error, pkgProblemResolver::Resolve generated breaks, this may be caused by held packages.

有没有人知道有一种方法可以将包依赖项和所有子依赖项的所有.deb文件转储到一个文件夹中以保存我的理智？谢谢！

Answer 1

看看apt-offline，一种(更多的)用户友好的管理离线依赖关系的方法。您需要先安装它，下载该文件并将其传输到您的脱机计算机。您可以使用像sudo apt download apt-offline这样的工具来处理下载。可以在脱机计算机上使用sudo dpkg -i /path/to/your/debfile.deb完成安装，在联机计算机上只使用sudo apt install完成安装。

一旦完成，您就需要为实际安装准备一堆东西。

1. 首先，创建一个要求安装ndiswrapper包的脱机系统的签名: sudo apt-脱机设置offline.sig --安装-packages ndiswrapper dkms。
2. 将该文件复制到联机计算机，并在联机计算机上运行以下命令以下载所有所需文件:apt-脱机获取offline.sig --bundle ndis-ao.zip
3. 将apt文件包移回脱机计算机，并在其上运行以下命令: sudo apt-脱机安装ndis-ao.zip

此时您应该安装了ndiswrapper-dkms，一切都应该很好。

如果您的apt-offline包安装失败，请注意失败的依赖包并逐个解决它们(根据需要手动复制)。依赖地狱是烦人的，但不幸的是，这是一个更离线系统的问题之一。

您也可以尝试查看apt-rdepends来生成一个完整的依赖关系图。将此与apt download相结合，您可能会有一个解决问题的替代方案，尽管我的测试至少还没有定论。