更新后的问题16.04 - 18.04

Question

为长时间的介绍事先表示歉意，但我认为最好提供尽可能多的背景。最近，我尝试将我的HP Z420工作站从16.04升级到18.04LTS。在更新时，Ubuntu在显示的实例上冻结。

然后我重新启动，之后我一直感到内核恐慌，如图所示

然后我从一张活动CD启动并运行bootrepair，输出显示为信息。

这解决了核心恐慌。但是，现在我只得到一个空白屏幕(与Grub2中相同的颜色)。

当我输入Grub并选择更早的内核时，Ubuntu18.04会加载，但我只获得命令行登录，而不是GUI。在命令中，我尝试重新运行apt-get update，但这也给出了与元数据相关的错误，请参见

我完全不知所措，如何重新启动和运行，任何帮助都将是非常感谢的。

谢谢!

UPDATE 1：根据janmyszkier的回答，我使用磁盘实用程序(扩展的自我测试)检查了硬盘的错误，并且没有发现任何问题。

UPDATE2 2：我尝试在虚拟控制台中使用LiveCD和chroot方法尝试并重做升级，但错误仍然存在。特别是Can not write log (Is /dev/pts mounted?) - posix_openpt (2: No such file or directory)、could not load /boot/System.map-4.4.0-121-generic: No such file or directory、could not open directory /lib/modules/4.4.0-121-generic: No such file or directory和/usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/plymouth failed with return 1。见下文：

$sudo mount /dev/sda6 /mnt
$sudo mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
$sudo mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc
$sudo mount --bind /sys /mnt/sys
$sudo chroot /mnt
$apt update
........
$apt upgrade
WARNING: apt does not have a stable CLI interface. Use with caution in scripts.

Reading package lists...
Building dependency tree...
Reading state information...
Calculating upgrade...
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  linux-image-extra-4.4.0-121-generic
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bubblewrap
The following packages have been kept back:
  libhmsbeagle1v5 phyml
The following packages will be upgraded:
  apache2-bin bolt desktop-file-utils firefox-locale-en ghostscript
  ghostscript-x gir1.2-gnomedesktop-3.0 gir1.2-javascriptcoregtk-4.0
  gir1.2-packagekitglib-1.0 gir1.2-totem-1.0 gir1.2-webkit2-4.0 git git-man
  gnome-desktop3-data gnome-initial-setup grub-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin
  grub2-common gstreamer1.0-packagekit libapache2-mod-perl2
  libgnome-desktop-3-17 libgs9 libgs9-common libgvc6-plugins-gtk
  libjavascriptcoregtk-4.0-18 libldap-2.4-2 libldap-common
  libpackagekit-glib2-18 libsmbclient libssh-4 libtotem0
  libunity-settings-daemon1 libwbclient0 libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37
  libwebkit2gtk-4.0-37-gtk2 openjdk-8-jre openjdk-8-jre-headless packagekit
  packagekit-tools python-samba python3-distupgrade python3-update-manager
  samba-common samba-common-bin samba-libs smbclient totem totem-common
  totem-plugins ubuntu-keyring ubuntu-release-upgrader-core
  ubuntu-release-upgrader-gtk unity-settings-daemon update-manager
  update-manager-core update-notifier update-notifier-common
58 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 1 to remove and 2 not upgraded.
387 not fully installed or removed.
Need to get 0 B/83.9 MB of archives.
After this operation, 155 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Preconfiguring packages ...
E: Can not write log (Is /dev/pts mounted?) - posix_openpt (2: No such file or directory)
(Reading database ... 1326337 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing linux-image-extra-4.4.0-121-generic (4.4.0-121.145) ...
depmod: FATAL: could not load /boot/System.map-4.4.0-121-generic: No such file or directory
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 4.4.0-121-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-121-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 4.4.0-121-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-121-generic
Error! Your kernel headers for kernel 4.4.0-121-generic cannot be found.
Please install the linux-headers-4.4.0-121-generic package,
or use the --kernelsourcedir option to tell DKMS where it's located
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 4.4.0-121-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-121-generic
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-121-generic
WARNING: missing /lib/modules/4.4.0-121-generic
Ensure all necessary drivers are built into the linux image!
depmod: ERROR: could not open directory /lib/modules/4.4.0-121-generic: No such file or directory
depmod: FATAL: could not search modules: No such file or directory
E: /usr/share/initramfs-tools/hooks/plymouth failed with return 1.
update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-4.4.0-121-generic with 1.
run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools exited with return code 1
dpkg: error processing package linux-image-extra-4.4.0-121-generic (--remove):
 installed linux-image-extra-4.4.0-121-generic package post-removal script subprocess returned error exit status 1
Errors were encountered while processing:
 linux-image-extra-4.4.0-121-generic
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

Answer 1

我建议把你的硬盘备份作为一个安全措施。然后，您应该能够使用一个名为"chroot“的方法(变更根的缩写)进入当前安装的实例，下面将描述该方法：https://help.ubuntu.com/community/LiveCdRecovery

一旦你在原始安装中安装了chroot，您应该能够从内部运行apt-get update和apt-get升级命令，修复最初存在的软件包问题。

但是，很可能是安装程序坏了，因为您的膝上型计算机磁盘有IO问题(如果是HDD，我见过多次这种情况)，所以在创建备份后立即检查磁盘可能是件好事。