如何使用apt/智能，在发行版升级后删除所有原始包？

Question

几周前，我将linux从Pop_OS 21.10升级到22.04。

发行版升级可能用新版本取代了一些旧的源代码，因此，许多用于Pop_OS 21.10或更早版本的现有软件包现在都是没有问题的：

$ sudo aptitude update
W: Package containerd.io had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 1.4.13-1 is not available
W: Package scala-cli had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 0.1.2 is not available
W: Package libfam0 had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 2.7.0-17.3build2 is not available
W: Package ksysguardd had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 4:5.22.0-0ubuntu1 is not available
W: Package gnome-getting-started-docs-de had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.36.2-0ubuntu0.1 is not available
W: Package gnome-getting-started-docs-es had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.36.2-0ubuntu0.1 is not available
W: Package gnome-getting-started-docs-fr had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.36.2-0ubuntu0.1 is not available
W: Package gnome-getting-started-docs-it had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.36.2-0ubuntu0.1 is not available
W: Package gnome-getting-started-docs-ja had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.36.2-0ubuntu0.1 is not available
W: Package gnome-getting-started-docs-pt had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.36.2-0ubuntu0.1 is not available
W: Package gnome-getting-started-docs-ru had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.36.2-0ubuntu0.1 is not available
W: Package docker-ce-cli had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 5:20.10.12~3-0~ubuntu-focal is not available
W: Package wolframscript had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 1.2.0+2019040701 is not available
W: Package libvala-0.48-0 had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 0.48.6-0ubuntu1 is not available
W: Package linux-headers-5.11.0-7614-generic had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 5.11.0-7614.15~1622578982~20.04~383c0a9 is not available
W: Package llvm-10-dev had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1 is not available
W: Package linux-headers-5.15.8-76051508-generic had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 5.15.8-76051508.202112141040~1639505278~20.04~0ede46a is not available
W: Package ksysguard had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 4:5.22.0-0ubuntu1 is not available
W: Package gcc-8 had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 8.5.0-0ubuntu4 is not available
W: Package linux-modules-5.16.19-76051619-generic had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 5.16.19-76051619.202204081339~1649696161~22.04~091f44b is not available
W: Package minikube had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 1.25.2-0 is not available
W: Package oem-sutton.newell-meta had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 4.0newell5 is not available
W: Package linux-modules-5.15.8-76051508-generic had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 5.15.8-76051508.202112141040~1639505278~20.04~0ede46a is not available
W: Package libllvm10 had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 1:10.0.0-4ubuntu1 is not available
W: Package gcc-8-base had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 8.5.0-0ubuntu4 is not available
W: Package libsepol1 had been marked to reinstall, but the file for the current installed version 3.1-1ubuntu2.1 is not available

我需要将它们全部删除(否则它们会浪费磁盘空间并可能导致奇怪的冲突)，我该如何做呢？可以使用任何基于Ubuntu/debian的包管理器提供解决方案。

Answer 1

您可以轻松地提取包名，方法是将输出保存到文件中(例如，通过重定向或鼠标复制和粘贴，因为它是一个相当小的列表)，并通过awk '{print $3}'运行它，因为包名位于每一行的第三个字段中。然后，您可以用apt-get remove或apt-get purge命令使用这些包名。

您还可以使用aptitude search (例如aptitude -F %p search '?obsolete' )获得“过时”包的列表。这可能会产生比“标记为重新安装”的...but更大的包名列表--如果不知道您的sources.list配置和您正在使用的任何repos的当前状态，就不可能确定。

但是，自动删除大量包可能会大大超出您的预期，因为其他包可能依赖于您要删除的某些包。库包(例如libfam0、libvala-0.48-0和libsepol1)尤其有可能导致这种情况。而删除containerd.io可能会导致卸载码头或类似的容器管理工具。

我强烈建议不要自动删除这些包。

如果有选择地卸载手工挑选的软件包，如果它们被证明是一个问题的话，应该是可以的，但是(除了少数例外)，它们占用的磁盘空间的数量不值得无原因地删除它们的风险。

旧的内核头相当大(~50 if )，通常可以安全地删除--只有当您需要编译内核模块(例如，使用dkms)来安装内核时，它们才是真正有用的。而且您可能不需要gnome开始使用这么多语言的文档。

您可能还会发现，您正在删除定期使用的包，但由于包维护人员没有时间维护它，所以它不在发行版中。我知道在我的Debian机器上有几台类似的，尤其是那些自20世纪90年代以来不断升级的机器。我不想让我的roxterm包被自动删除，例如，即使是作者，它也已经过时和废弃了多年，但我仍然使用它，因为它比其他基于libvte的终端emulators....and少得多，即使它是废弃的软件，它仍然工作得很好。

顺便说一句，值得记住的是，每行的W:前缀都表示警告，而不是错误条件。它指出了一些值得注意的问题，但并不一定是一个需要解决的实际问题。