发布于 2018-07-08 15:05:59
让我们试着用JMH进行复制。
@Benchmark
@Measurement(timeUnit = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
public int first() throws IOException {
return i % 2;
}
@Benchmark
@Measurement(timeUnit = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
public int second() throws IOException {
return i & 0x1;
}好吧,这是可以繁殖的。first比second稍慢。现在让我们找出原因。用-prof perfnorm运行它
Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
MyBenchmark.first avgt 50 2.674 ± 0.028 ns/op
MyBenchmark.first:CPI avgt 10 0.301 ± 0.002 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:L1-dcache-load-misses avgt 10 0.001 ± 0.001 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:L1-dcache-loads avgt 10 11.011 ± 0.146 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:L1-dcache-stores avgt 10 3.011 ± 0.034 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:L1-icache-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻³ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:LLC-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:LLC-loads avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:LLC-store-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁵ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:LLC-stores avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:branch-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:branches avgt 10 4.006 ± 0.054 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:cycles avgt 10 9.322 ± 0.113 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:dTLB-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:dTLB-loads avgt 10 10.939 ± 0.175 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:dTLB-store-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁵ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:dTLB-stores avgt 10 2.991 ± 0.045 #/op
MyBenchmark.first:iTLB-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁵ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:iTLB-loads avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.first:instructions avgt 10 30.991 ± 0.427 #/op
MyBenchmark.second avgt 50 2.263 ± 0.015 ns/op
MyBenchmark.second:CPI avgt 10 0.320 ± 0.001 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:L1-dcache-load-misses avgt 10 0.001 ± 0.001 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:L1-dcache-loads avgt 10 11.045 ± 0.152 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:L1-dcache-stores avgt 10 3.014 ± 0.032 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:L1-icache-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻³ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:LLC-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:LLC-loads avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:LLC-store-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁵ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:LLC-stores avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:branch-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁴ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:branches avgt 10 4.014 ± 0.045 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:cycles avgt 10 8.024 ± 0.098 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:dTLB-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁵ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:dTLB-loads avgt 10 10.989 ± 0.161 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:dTLB-store-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁶ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:dTLB-stores avgt 10 3.004 ± 0.042 #/op
MyBenchmark.second:iTLB-load-misses avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁵ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:iTLB-loads avgt 10 ≈ 10⁻⁵ #/op
MyBenchmark.second:instructions avgt 10 25.076 ± 0.296 #/op注意循环和指令的不同。现在这很明显了。first确实关心这个符号,但是second不关心(只是按位和)。要确保这就是原因,请查看程序集片段:
first:
0x00007f91111f8355: mov 0xc(%r10),%r11d ;*getfield i
0x00007f91111f8359: mov %r11d,%edx
0x00007f91111f835c: and $0x1,%edx
0x00007f91111f835f: mov %edx,%r10d
0x00007f6bd120a6e2: neg %r10d
0x00007f6bd120a6e5: test %r11d,%r11d
0x00007f6bd120a6e8: cmovl %r10d,%edx 第二版:
0x00007ff36cbda580: mov $0x1,%edx
0x00007ff36cbda585: mov 0x40(%rsp),%r10
0x00007ff36cbda58a: and 0xc(%r10),%edx 发布于 2018-07-08 14:30:12
150 ns的执行时间约为500个时钟周期。我认为从来没有一个处理器做过这样的低效率检查:-)。
问题是,您的测试工具在许多方面都存在缺陷。特别是:
有关要记住的更完整的事情列表,请参见如何用Java编写正确的微基准测试?。
这里有一个更好的基准:
public abstract class Benchmark {
final String name;
public Benchmark(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name + "\t" + time() + " ns / iteration";
}
private BigDecimal time() {
try {
// automatically detect a reasonable iteration count (and trigger just in time compilation of the code under test)
int iterations;
long duration = 0;
for (iterations = 1; iterations < 1_000_000_000 && duration < 1_000_000_000; iterations *= 2) {
long start = System.nanoTime();
run(iterations);
duration = System.nanoTime() - start;
cleanup();
}
return new BigDecimal((duration) * 1000 / iterations).movePointLeft(3);
} catch (Throwable e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
}
/**
* Executes the code under test.
* @param iterations
* number of iterations to perform
* @return any value that requires the entire code to be executed (to
* prevent dead code elimination by the just in time compiler)
* @throws Throwable
* if the test could not complete successfully
*/
protected abstract Object run(int iterations) throws Throwable;
/**
* Cleans up after a run, setting the stage for the next.
*/
protected void cleanup() {
// do nothing
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.out.println(new Benchmark("%") {
@Override
protected Object run(int iterations) throws Throwable {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
sum += i % 2;
}
return sum;
}
});
System.out.println(new Benchmark("&") {
@Override
protected Object run(int iterations) throws Throwable {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < iterations; i++) {
sum += i & 1;
}
return sum;
}
});
}
}在我的机器上,印着:
% 0.375 ns / iteration
& 0.139 ns / iteration因此,正如预期的那样,两者之间的差别是按几个时钟周期的顺序进行的。也就是说,这个JIT在这个特定的硬件上对& 1进行了稍微好一些的优化,但是两者之间的差别太小了,因此不太可能对您的程序的性能产生可测量的(更不用说重要的)影响。
发布于 2018-07-08 15:11:10
这两个操作对应于不同的JVM处理器指令:
irem // int remainder (%)
iand // bitwise and (&)在我读到的某个地方,irem通常是由JVM实现的,而iand在硬件上是可用的。甲骨文对这两个指令的解释如下:
iand
通过取value1和value2的位和(连词)来计算int结果。
irem
int结果是value1 - (value1 / value2) * value2。
在我看来,假设iand导致较少的CPU周期似乎是合理的。
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/51232809
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