目前,我通过Python的psutil模块监视多个进程,并以百分比检索基于execution_time/total_time的CPU使用率。这样做的问题是动态电压和频率缩放(DVFS,或ACPI的P-状态,或cpufreq,等等)。当前CPU频率越低,进程执行的时间越长,CPU使用率就越高。与此形成对比的是,相对于CPU的最大性能,我需要固定的CPU使用率。
为了避免永久改变“当前频率”的多重重标,一种方法是直接使用进程所使用的CPU周期。原则上,这可以通过C中的perf_event.h或Linux命令行上的perf来完成。不幸的是,我找不到一个Python模块,它提供了类似的功能(基于上述功能)。
发布于 2017-05-30 14:15:50
感谢BlackJack的评论
如何在C中实现它作为共享库,并通过
ctypes在Python中使用它呢? 库调用引入的开销较少。子进程调用启动整个外部进程,并在每次需要值时通过管道将结果作为字符串进行通信。共享库被加载到当前进程中一次,结果将传递到内存中。
我将其实现为一个共享库。库cpuccycles.c的源代码(很大程度上基于's man page的示例):
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <asm/unistd.h>
static long
perf_event_open(struct perf_event_attr *hw_event, pid_t pid,
int cpu, int group_fd, unsigned long flags)
{
int ret;
ret = syscall(__NR_perf_event_open, hw_event, pid, cpu,
group_fd, flags);
return ret;
}
long long
cpu_cycles(unsigned int microseconds,
pid_t pid,
int cpu,
int exclude_user,
int exclude_kernel,
int exclude_hv,
int exclude_idle)
{
struct perf_event_attr pe;
long long count;
int fd;
memset(&pe, 0, sizeof(struct perf_event_attr));
pe.type = PERF_TYPE_HARDWARE;
pe.size = sizeof(struct perf_event_attr);
pe.config = PERF_COUNT_HW_CPU_CYCLES;
pe.disabled = 1;
pe.exclude_user = exclude_user;
pe.exclude_kernel = exclude_kernel;
pe.exclude_hv = exclude_hv;
pe.exclude_idle = exclude_idle;
fd = perf_event_open(&pe, pid, cpu, -1, 0);
if (fd == -1) {
return -1;
}
ioctl(fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_RESET, 0);
ioctl(fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_ENABLE, 0);
usleep(microseconds);
ioctl(fd, PERF_EVENT_IOC_DISABLE, 0);
read(fd, &count, sizeof(long long));
close(fd);
return count;
}通过以下两个命令将此代码编译到共享库中:
$ gcc -c -fPIC cpucycles.c -o cpucycles.o
$ gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libcpucycles.so.1 -o libcpucycles.so.1.0.1 cpucycles.o最后,cpucycles.py中的Python可以使用这个库。
import ctypes
import os
cdll = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "libcpucycles.so.1.0.1"))
cdll.cpu_cycles.argtypes = (ctypes.c_uint, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int,
ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.c_int,
ctypes.c_int)
cdll.cpu_cycles.restype = ctypes.c_longlong
def cpu_cycles(duration=1.0, pid=0, cpu=-1,
exclude_user=False, exclude_kernel=False,
exclude_hv=True, exclude_idle=True):
"""
See man page of perf_event_open for all the parameters.
:param duration: duration of counting cpu_cycles [seconds]
:type duration: float
:returns: cpu-cycle count of pid
:rtype: int
"""
count = cdll.cpu_cycles(int(duration*1000000), pid, cpu,
exclude_user, exclude_kernel,
exclude_hv, exclude_idle)
if count < 0:
raise OSError("cpu_cycles(pid={}, duration={}) from {} exited with code {}.".format(
pid, duration, cdll._name, count))
return count发布于 2017-05-11 07:57:16
最后,我通过perf命令行工具读取CPU周期,并将其封装到Python (简化代码)中:
import subprocess
maximum_cpu_frequency = 3e9
cpu_percent = []
while True: # some stop criteria
try:
cpu_percent.append(int(
subprocess.check_output(["perf", "stat", "-e", "cycles",
"-p", pid, "-x", ",", "sleep", "1"],
stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).decode().split(",")[0]
)/maximum_cpu_frequency)
except ValueError:
cpu_percent.append(0.0)不幸的是,由于不精确的sleep命令以及为每个示例生成一个新的perf进程,这是不精确的。
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/43873599
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