将D库链接到C++代码

Question

最近我学到了漂亮的D语言，它更具有可塑性，可以帮助自己编写稳定的、快速的程序。但不受欢迎..。因为在D上写的代码很少，在C和C++上写得更多。因此，在我阅读了Alexanderscu一书，其中作者非常肤浅地描述了关于D库与C++代码的链接的问题之后，我试着自己学习它，并在myself定义的函数上编写了一些代码，返回一个CompleteAutomata类的实例，该实例实现了也在C++代码中定义的AutomataInterface：

#ifndef AUTOMATAINTERFACE_H
#define AUTOMATAINTERFACE_H

class AutomataInterface {
public:
    virtual ~AutomataInterface() {}

    virtual void next() = 0;

    virtual void save() = 0;
    virtual void restore() = 0;
    virtual void zerofile() = 0;

    virtual void invert(unsigned long x, unsigned long y) = 0;

    virtual int state(unsigned long x, unsigned long y) const = 0;

    virtual unsigned long x() const = 0;
    virtual unsigned long y() const = 0;
};

AutomataInterface *createAutomata(unsigned long x, unsigned long y);

#endif // AUTOMATAINTERFACE_H

相关D码：

import agregator; // this is my own lib

extern(C++) {
    interface AutomataInterface {
        void next();

        void save();
        void restore();
        void zerofile();

        void invert(size_t x, size_t y);

        int state(size_t x, size_t y) const;

        size_t x() const;
        size_t y() const;
    }

    AutomataInterface createAutomata(ulong x, ulong y) {
        return new CompleteAutomata(x, y);
    }
}

export class CompleteAutomata : AutomataInterface {
    // instance variables...
    this(size_t x, size_t y) { /* ... */ }

    extern(C++) {
        override void next() {
            // ...
        }

        // others overridden interface methods...
    }
}

在编写了代码之后，我用两个不同的编译器(dmd和gdc)编译了D库，并使用以下标志：

dmd -release -O -lib -odlib -ofliblife.h *.d

或

gdc -frelease -O2 -Wall -c *.d
ar cq lib/liblife.a *.o

当我尝试通过向库dir添加路径(-L选项)和直接添加lib (-l选项)将每个接收到的库链接到Qt项目时。在这两种情况下我都犯了错误。

在第一个dmd案例中，我有“对`_d_newclass的未定义引用”和另外几个错误：

g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o automata main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread 
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1fe_5b0.o): In function `createAutomata(unsigned int, unsigned int)':
complete_automata.d:(.text._Z14createAutomatajj+0x27): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x50): undefined reference to `_D6Object7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0xd0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x120): undefined reference to `_D6Object7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x68): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8toStringMFZAya'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x70): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object6toHashMFNbNeZm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x78): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object5opCmpMFC6ObjectZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x80): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8opEqualsMFC6ObjectZb'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0xf8): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8toStringMFZAya'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x100): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object6toHashMFNbNeZm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x108): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object5opCmpMFC6ObjectZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x110): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8opEqualsMFC6ObjectZb'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata':
complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata+0x1f): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata+0x46): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::next()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4nextEv+0x2f): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::save()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4saveEv+0x25): undefined reference to `_adDupT'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::restore()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv+0x33): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::zerofile()':
complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata8zerofileEv+0x2f): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `no symbol':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to `_Dmodule_ref'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o):(.data._D12TypeInfo_Axi6__initZ+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Array6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5137__arrayZ':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5137__arrayZ+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_array_bounds'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5138__assertFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5138__assertFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_assertm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_201_8b7.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51315__unittest_failFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51315__unittest_failFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_unittestm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `no symbol':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to `_Dmodule_ref'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o):(.data._D11TypeInfo_xi6__initZ+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Const6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o):(.data._D11TypeInfo_xi6__initZ+0x10): undefined reference to `_D10TypeInfo_i6__initZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5157__arrayZ':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5157__arrayZ+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_array_bounds'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5158__assertFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.5158__assertFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_assertm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(object_203_875.o): In function `_D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51515__unittest_failFiZv':
/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di:(.text._D46/usr/include/dmd/druntime/import/object.di.51515__unittest_failFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_unittestm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `no symbol':
agregator.d:(.text+0x6): undefined reference to `_Dmodule_ref'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o):(.data+0x10): undefined reference to `_D3std6random12__ModuleInfoZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o):(.rodata+0x20): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D9agregator7__arrayZ':
agregator.d:(.text._D9agregator7__arrayZ+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_array_bounds'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D9agregator8__assertFiZv':
agregator.d:(.text._D9agregator8__assertFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_assertm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D9agregator15__unittest_failFiZv':
agregator.d:(.text._D9agregator15__unittest_failFiZv+0x16): undefined reference to `_d_unittestm'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator_2_5fd.o):(.data+0x0): undefined reference to `_D14TypeInfo_Class6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator_2_5fd.o):(.data+0x50): undefined reference to `_D6Object7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator_2_5fd.o):(.rodata+0x48): undefined reference to `_D6object6Object8toStringMFZAya'
...

在第二种情况下(使用gdc时)，我收到关于“多重定义”的消息：

g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o cellular_life main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread 
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x40): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata6invertEyy+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::state(unsigned long long, unsigned long long) const':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x60): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::state(unsigned long long, unsigned long long) const'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZNK16CompleteAutomata5stateEyy+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::x() const':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x80): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::x() const'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZNK16CompleteAutomata1xEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::y() const':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0xa0): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::y() const'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZNK16CompleteAutomata1yEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::next()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x140): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::next()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4nextEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.tbss+0x10): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata4nextMRZv7changerC7changer7Changer'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.tbss+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::restore()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x1b0): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::restore()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.tbss+0x8): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv9agregatorC9agregator9Agregator'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.tbss+0x8): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.data+0x180): multiple definition of `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::zerofile()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x220): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::zerofile()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata8zerofileEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.tbss+0x0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata8zerofileMRZv9agregatorC9agregator9Agregator'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.tbss+0x10): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::save()':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x290): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::save()'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata4saveEv+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.data+0x80): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7__ClassZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.data+0xd0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x9b0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__ctorMFmmZC17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x420): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0xf0): first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: Warning: size of symbol `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__vtblZ' changed from 104 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o) to 112 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o)
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x4a0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata6__initZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x90): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x4e0): multiple definition of `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator6__vtblZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x60): first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: Warning: size of symbol `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator6__vtblZ' changed from 48 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o) to 56 in /home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o)
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o):(.rodata+0x520): multiple definition of `_D_ZN16CompleteAutomata7restoreEv14SliceAgregator6__initZ'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1ff_675.o):(.rodata+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D3std7complex14__T7ComplexTeZ7Complex8toStringMxFMDFAxaZvAyaZAya12__lambda1223MFNbNfAxaZv':
agregator.d:(.text+0xaf): undefined reference to `_D11TypeInfo_Aa6__initZ'
agregator.d:(.text+0xb7): undefined reference to `_d_arrayappendT'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D3std4conv16__T6toImplTiTxkZ6toImplFNaNfxkZi15__dgliteral1389MFNaNfZC6object9Throwable':
agregator.d:(.text+0xc5): undefined reference to `_D3std4conv21ConvOverflowException7__ClassZ'
agregator.d:(.text+0xca): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
agregator.d:(.text+0xed): undefined reference to `_D3std4conv21ConvOverflowException6__ctorMFAyaAyamZC3std4conv21ConvOverflowException'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(agregator.o): In function `_D3std6format17__T9getNthIntTxeZ9getNthIntFNaNfkxeZi.part.6':
agregator.d:(.text+0x105): undefined reference to `_D3std6format15FormatException7__ClassZ'
agregator.d:(.text+0x10a): undefined reference to `_d_newclass'
...

在尝试了两天之后.

最近我尝试将Phobos (D标准库)添加到链接过程中。对于dmd -lphobos2标志和gdc -lgphobos2标志对应。但这帮不了我..。

使用dmd链接器输出时：

g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o cellular_life main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread -lphobos2
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_duphandle@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_strerror@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_slist_free_all@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_global_init@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_perform@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_init@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_pause@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `_Dmain'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_setopt@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_slist_append@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_global_cleanup@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-redhat-linux/4.7.2/../../../../lib64/libphobos2.so: undefined reference to `curl_easy_cleanup@CURL_GNUTLS_3'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [cellular_life] Error 1

我试过用libcurl的替代品：ln -s /usr/lib64/libcurl.so.4 /usr/lib64/libcurl-gnutls.so.4。然后链接相同的结果，但是没有关于的消息。

当使用gdc链接器输出时，请再次讨论“多重定义”：

/home/newmen/gcc/bin/g++ -Wl,-O1 -Wl,-z,relro -o cellular_life main.o mainwindow.o renderarea.o button.o playbutton.o moc_mainwindow.o moc_renderarea.o moc_button.o moc_playbutton.o    -L/home/newmen/gcc/lib64 -L/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib -llife -lQtGui -lQtCore -lpthread -lgphobos2
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `_D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1e3_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._D17complete_automata16CompleteAutomata7restoreMRZv14SliceAgregator9initValueMxFmmZi+0x0): first defined here
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata.o): In function `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)':
complete_automata.d:(.text+0x40): multiple definition of `CompleteAutomata::invert(unsigned long long, unsigned long long)'
/home/newmen/projects/d/life/lib/liblife.a(complete_automata_1e3_675.o):complete_automata.d:(.text._ZN16CompleteAutomata6invertEyy+0x0): first defined here
...
/home/newmen/gcc/lib64/libgphobos2.a(dmain2.o): In function `main':
/home/newmen/projects/distrib/gcc-4.8.1/x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu/libphobos/libdruntime/../../.././libphobos/libdruntime/rt/dmain2.d:394: multiple definition of `main'
main.o:/home/newmen/projects/d/life/qt_viewer/main.cpp:5: first defined here
/usr/bin/ld: /home/newmen/gcc/lib64/libgphobos2.a(time.o): undefined reference to symbol 'clock_getres@@GLIBC_2.2.5'
/usr/bin/ld: note: 'clock_getres@@GLIBC_2.2.5' is defined in DSO /lib64/librt.so.1 so try adding it to the linker command line
/lib64/librt.so.1: could not read symbols: Invalid operation
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
make: *** [cellular_life] Error 1

最后是关于图书1的信息。我检查/usr/lib64 64，并在那里看到了它的库文件。

亲爱的魔术，请告诉我如何连接D库到C++代码。

Answer 1

通常情况下，让D编译器进行链接比较容易：

 g++ -c yourfile.cpp
 dmd yourfile.o d_file.d

你可能还得加上卷曲，就像你以前做的一样。要通过dmd传递链接器参数(或者gdmd，如果您使用gdc，应该以同样的方式工作)，传递-Larg

 dmd yourfile.o d_file.d -L-lstdc++ -L-lcurl -L-lQtGui # and so on

在D中放置main()通常也更容易(它也可以立即调用C++定义的函数)，因为否则在从C++中使用它之前，您可能必须初始化D运行时。

但是为了完成你开始的过程..。首先，看起来您的liblife.a .a有两个相同的文件添加了两次。我尝试删除该文件并重新创建它，或者跳过该步骤，直接将.o文件传递给链接器，而不首先将它们打包到.a中。这会简化一些事情。

我的另一个问题是:它为什么要拉D主板？您的.d代码中是否有main()？如果是这样的话，没关系，但是您必须从C++代码中删除该代码。(也许将其重命名为cppmain，然后从D main调用它：

D代码：

extern(C++) int cppmain(int argc, char** argv);

int main() {
        import core.runtime;
        return cppmain(Runtime.cArgs.argc, Runtime.cArgs.argv);
}

这将转发到您的C++ main。如果您想删除D main (假设它在那里，如果不让我知道，我会尝试考虑会导致链接器错误的其他原因)，在C++中使用D代码之前，您需要初始化D，因此：

D代码：

extern(C++) void initD() {
      import core.runtime;
       Runtime.initialize();
}

C++代码：

extern "C++" void initD();
int main() {
      initD();
      // the rest of your stuff
 }

如果不这样做，调用D函数可能会导致分段错误。

但是总的来说，我非常肯定您的存档中添加了一个重复的.o文件，并且在D和C++中都定义了主文件。删除存档中的副本并杀死其中一个重复的主板，您应该会取得一些成功。