非常简单的RogueLike在F#中，使它更“功能”

Question

对于一个非常非常简单的C#引擎，我有一些现有的RogueLike代码。这是故意天真的，因为我试图尽可能简单地做到最低限度。它所做的就是使用箭头键和System.Console在硬编码地图周围移动@符号：

//define the map
var map = new List<string>{
  "                                        ",
  "                                        ",
  "                                        ",
  "                                        ",
  "    ###############################     ",
  "    #                             #     ",
  "    #         ######              #     ",
  "    #         #    #              #     ",
  "    #### #### #    #              #     ",
  "       # #  # #    #              #     ",
  "       # #  # #    #              #     ",
  "    #### #### ######              #     ",
  "    #              =              #     ",
  "    #              =              #     ",
  "    ###############################     ",
  "                                        ",
  "                                        ",
  "                                        ",
  "                                        ",
  "                                        "
};

//set initial player position on the map
var playerX = 8;
var playerY = 6;

//clear the console
Console.Clear();

//send each row of the map to the Console
map.ForEach( Console.WriteLine );

//create an empty ConsoleKeyInfo for storing the last key pressed
var keyInfo = new ConsoleKeyInfo( );

//keep processing key presses until the player wants to quit
while ( keyInfo.Key != ConsoleKey.Q ) {
  //store the player's current location
  var oldX = playerX;
  var oldY = playerY;

  //change the player's location if they pressed an arrow key
  switch ( keyInfo.Key ) {
    case ConsoleKey.UpArrow:
      playerY--;
      break;
    case ConsoleKey.DownArrow:
      playerY++;
      break;
    case ConsoleKey.LeftArrow:
      playerX--;
      break;
    case ConsoleKey.RightArrow:
      playerX++;
      break;
  }

  //check if the square that the player is trying to move to is empty
  if( map[ playerY ][ playerX ] == ' ' ) {
    //ok it was empty, clear the square they were standing on before
    Console.SetCursorPosition( oldX, oldY );
    Console.Write( ' ' );
    //now draw them at the new square
    Console.SetCursorPosition( playerX, playerY );
    Console.Write( '@' );
  } else {
    //they can't move there, change their location back to the old location
    playerX = oldX;
    playerY = oldY;
  }

  //wait for them to press a key and store it in keyInfo
  keyInfo = Console.ReadKey( true );
}

我在F#中玩这个游戏，最初我试图用函数概念来编写它，但结果发现我有点过头了，所以我做了一个很直接的端口--它实际上不是一个F#程序(尽管它编译和运行)--它是一个用F#语法编写的过程程序：

open System

//define the map
let map = [ "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "    ###############################     ";
            "    #                             #     ";
            "    #         ######              #     ";
            "    #         #    #              #     ";
            "    #### #### #    #              #     ";
            "       # #  # #    #              #     ";
            "       # #  # #    #              #     ";
            "    #### #### ######              #     ";
            "    #              =              #     ";
            "    #              =              #     ";
            "    ###############################     ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        " ]

//set initial player position on the map
let mutable playerX = 8
let mutable playerY = 6

//clear the console
Console.Clear()

//send each row of the map to the Console
map |> Seq.iter (printfn "%s")

//create an empty ConsoleKeyInfo for storing the last key pressed
let mutable keyInfo = ConsoleKeyInfo()

//keep processing key presses until the player wants to quit
while not ( keyInfo.Key = ConsoleKey.Q ) do
    //store the player's current location
    let mutable oldX = playerX
    let mutable oldY = playerY

    //change the player's location if they pressed an arrow key
    if keyInfo.Key = ConsoleKey.UpArrow then
        playerY <- playerY - 1
    else if keyInfo.Key = ConsoleKey.DownArrow then
        playerY <- playerY + 1
    else if keyInfo.Key = ConsoleKey.LeftArrow then
        playerX <- playerX - 1
    else if keyInfo.Key = ConsoleKey.RightArrow then
        playerX <- playerX + 1

    //check if the square that the player is trying to move to is empty
    if map.Item( playerY ).Chars( playerX ) = ' ' then
        //ok it was empty, clear the square they were standing on
        Console.SetCursorPosition( oldX, oldY )
        Console.Write( ' ' )
        //now draw them at the new square 
        Console.SetCursorPosition( playerX, playerY )
        Console.Write( '@' )
    else
        //they can't move there, change their location back to the old location
        playerX <- oldX
        playerY <- oldY

    //wait for them to press a key and store it in keyInfo
    keyInfo <- Console.ReadKey( true )

所以我的问题是，我需要学些什么才能更有功能地重写它，你能给我一些提示，一个模糊的概述，诸如此类的事情吗？

我宁愿往正确的方向推进，而不只是看到一些代码，但是如果这是你向我解释的最简单的方法，那么就好了，但在这种情况下，你能解释一下“为什么”，而不是“如何”吗？

Answer 1

游戏编程一般会测试你管理复杂性的能力。我发现函数式编程鼓励您将解决的问题分解成更小的部分。

您要做的第一件事是通过分离所有不同的关注点，将脚本转换为一组函数。我知道这听起来很傻，但是这样做会使代码更有功能(双关意)。你主要关心的是国家管理。我使用一个记录来管理位置状态，使用一个元组来管理运行状态。随着代码变得更高级，您将需要对象来干净地管理状态。

尝试加入更多的这个游戏，并继续打破功能，因为他们的成长。最终，您将需要对象来管理所有函数。

在游戏编程注意事项中，不要将状态更改为其他状态，如果测试失败，则将其更改回。你想要最小的状态变化。因此，例如，在下面，我计算newPosition，然后只在这个未来的位置通过时更改playerPosition。

open System

// use a third party vector class for 2D and 3D positions
// or write your own for pratice
type Pos = {x: int; y: int} 
    with
    static member (+) (a, b) =
        {x = a.x + b.x; y = a.y + b.y}

let drawBoard map =
    //clear the console
    Console.Clear()
    //send each row of the map to the Console
    map |> List.iter (printfn "%s")

let movePlayer (keyInfo : ConsoleKeyInfo) =
    match keyInfo.Key with
    | ConsoleKey.UpArrow -> {x = 0; y = -1}
    | ConsoleKey.DownArrow -> {x = 0; y = 1}
    | ConsoleKey.LeftArrow -> {x = -1; y = 0}
    | ConsoleKey.RightArrow  -> {x = 1; y = 0}
    | _ -> {x = 0; y = 0}

let validPosition (map:string list) position =
    map.Item(position.y).Chars(position.x) = ' '

//clear the square player was standing on
let clearPlayer position =
    Console.SetCursorPosition(position.x, position.y)
    Console.Write( ' ' )

//draw the square player is standing on
let drawPlayer position =
    Console.SetCursorPosition(position.x, position.y)
    Console.Write( '@' )

let takeTurn map playerPosition =
    let keyInfo = Console.ReadKey true
    // check to see if player wants to keep playing
    let keepPlaying = keyInfo.Key <> ConsoleKey.Q
    // get player movement from user input
    let movement = movePlayer keyInfo
    // calculate the players new position
    let newPosition = playerPosition + movement
    // check for valid move
    let validMove = newPosition |> validPosition map
    // update drawing if move was valid
    if validMove then
        clearPlayer playerPosition
        drawPlayer newPosition
    // return state
    if validMove then
        keepPlaying, newPosition
    else
        keepPlaying, playerPosition

// main game loop
let rec gameRun map playerPosition =
    let keepPlaying, newPosition = playerPosition |> takeTurn map 
    if keepPlaying then
        gameRun map newPosition

// setup game
let startGame map playerPosition =
    drawBoard map
    drawPlayer playerPosition
    gameRun map playerPosition


//define the map
let map = [ "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "    ###############################     ";
            "    #                             #     ";
            "    #         ######              #     ";
            "    #         #    #              #     ";
            "    #### #### #    #              #     ";
            "       # #  # #    #              #     ";
            "       # #  # #    #              #     ";
            "    #### #### ######              #     ";
            "    #              =              #     ";
            "    #              =              #     ";
            "    ###############################     ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        ";
            "                                        " ]

//initial player position on the map
let playerPosition = {x = 8; y = 6}

startGame map playerPosition

Answer 2

这是一个不错的小游戏:-)。在函数式编程中，您可能希望避免使用可变状态(正如其他人所指出的那样)，您还希望将游戏的核心编写为没有任何副作用的函数(例如从控制台读取和写入)。

游戏的关键部分是控制位置的功能。您可以重构代码，使其具有类型签名的函数：

val getNextPosition : (int * int) -> ConsoleKey -> option<int * int>

如果游戏退出，该函数将返回None。否则，它将返回Some(posX, posY)，其中posX和posY是@符号的新位置。通过进行更改，您可以得到一个很好的函数核心，并且函数getNextPosition也很容易测试(因为它总是对相同的输入返回相同的结果)。

要使用该函数，最好的选择是使用递归编写循环。主要功能的结构如下所示：

let rec playing pos =
  match getNextPosition pos (Console.ReadKey()) with
  | None -> () // Quit the game
  | Some(newPos) ->
     // This function redraws the screen (this is a side-effect,
     // but it is localized to a single function)
     redrawScreen pos newPos
     playing newPos

Answer 3

作为一个游戏，使用控制台，这里有状态和副作用，这是固有的。但你要做的关键是消除那些变项。使用递归循环而不是while循环将有助于您这样做，因为这样您就可以将状态作为参数传递给每个递归调用。除此之外，我在这里看到的利用F#特性的主要方法是使用模式匹配，而不是if/ see语句和开关，尽管这主要是一种美学上的改进。