Python 3‘`venv`’和‘the’包

Question

从python3.8开始，我注意到对于没有错误的wheel包，pip install包似乎是必需的(至少它们看起来像错误，但行为像警告一样)。

注意:在我的所有示例中，我都是通过禁用我的环境、删除环境和清除pip缓存来清理中间的：

deactivate
rm test_env/ -rf
rm ~/.cache/pip/ -rf

例1:问题

python3.8 -m venv test_env
source test_env/bin/activate
pip install markuppy

我得到以下输出：

Collecting markuppy
  Downloading MarkupPy-1.14.tar.gz (6.8 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: markuppy
  Building wheel for markuppy (setup.py) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /home/k/test_env/bin/python3.8 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-tfm9bgxv/markuppy/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-tfm9bgxv/markuppy/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-cpx9gxcn
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-tfm9bgxv/markuppy/
  Complete output (6 lines):
  usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
     or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
     or: setup.py --help-commands
     or: setup.py cmd --help
  
  error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for markuppy
  Running setup.py clean for markuppy
Failed to build markuppy
Installing collected packages: markuppy
    Running setup.py install for markuppy ... done
Successfully installed markuppy-1.14

它出错了，因为没有安装wheel包。关于这一问题的其他帖子也提到了这一点。

示例2:通过在venv中安装wheel来解决问题

如果我在创建新的venv之后直接安装wheel包，则不会发生这样的情况：

python3.8 -m venv test_env
source test_env/bin/activate
pip install wheel
pip install markuppy

输出：

Collecting markuppy
  Using cached MarkupPy-1.14.tar.gz (6.8 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: markuppy
  Building wheel for markuppy (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for markuppy: filename=MarkupPy-1.14-py3-none-any.whl size=7413 sha256=52b3e5c3e317ae21724acd871fe3deb85dde9df305b20d16f2c5592c43b11e91
  Stored in directory: /home/k/.cache/pip/wheels/95/13/60/31c9d5f4cd012e491aeac154ef8b0ec964916523623eb02f0b
Successfully built markuppy
Installing collected packages: markuppy
Successfully installed markuppy-1.14

这也适用于给定一个requirements.txt文件。

requirements.txt

markuppy

python3.8 -m venv test_env
source test_env/bin/activate
pip install wheel
pip install -r requirements.txt

输出：

Collecting markuppy
  Using cached MarkupPy-1.14.tar.gz (6.8 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: markuppy
  Building wheel for markuppy (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for markuppy: filename=MarkupPy-1.14-py3-none-any.whl size=7413 sha256=52b3e5c3e317ae21724acd871fe3deb85dde9df305b20d16f2c5592c43b11e91
  Stored in directory: /home/k/.cache/pip/wheels/95/13/60/31c9d5f4cd012e491aeac154ef8b0ec964916523623eb02f0b
Successfully built markuppy
Installing collected packages: markuppy
Successfully installed markuppy-1.14

示例3:将wheel包添加到requirements.txt无助

重要的是要知道，如果您将wheel包放置到requirements.txt文件中，并且不单独安装它，则会遇到与示例1相同的问题：

requirements.txt

wheel
markuppy

python3.8 -m venv test_env
source test_env/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txt

输出：

Collecting wheel
  Downloading wheel-0.37.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (35 kB)
Collecting markuppy
  Downloading MarkupPy-1.14.tar.gz (6.8 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: markuppy
  Building wheel for markuppy (setup.py) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /home/k/test_env/bin/python3 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-z7cqzaej/markuppy/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-z7cqzaej/markuppy/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-kw3_8ayt
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-z7cqzaej/markuppy/
  Complete output (6 lines):
  usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
     or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
     or: setup.py --help-commands
     or: setup.py cmd --help
  
  error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for markuppy
  Running setup.py clean for markuppy
Failed to build markuppy
Installing collected packages: wheel, markuppy
    Running setup.py install for markuppy ... done
Successfully installed markuppy-1.14 wheel-0.37.0

车轮安装正常，但没有及时安装markuppy包。

示例4:在系统级别安装wheel无助于

如果我直接将wheel包安装到系统本身，那么所创建的venv就无法访问它，因此我得到了与示例1相同的结果。

sudo apt install python3-wheel
python3.8 -m venv test_env
source test_env/bin/activate
pip install markuppy

输出：

Collecting markuppy
  Downloading MarkupPy-1.14.tar.gz (6.8 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: markuppy
  Building wheel for markuppy (setup.py) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /home/k/test_env/bin/python3 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-5xkssq1l/markuppy/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-5xkssq1l/markuppy/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-aunof5xf
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-5xkssq1l/markuppy/
  Complete output (6 lines):
  usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
     or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
     or: setup.py --help-commands
     or: setup.py cmd --help
  
  error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for markuppy
  Running setup.py clean for markuppy
Failed to build markuppy
Installing collected packages: markuppy
    Running setup.py install for markuppy ... done
Successfully installed markuppy-1.14

示例5:在系统级别安装wheel并授予to对系统站点包的访问权限。

如果我在系统级别安装了wheel，那么在创建系统站点包时，授予我对系统站点包的访问权限(请注意venv命令中的标志)，那么这个问题不会发生。

sudo apt install python3-wheel
python3.8 -m venv test_env --system-site-packages
source test_env/bin/activate
pip install markuppy

输出：

Collecting markuppy
  Downloading MarkupPy-1.14.tar.gz (6.8 kB)
Building wheels for collected packages: markuppy
  Building wheel for markuppy (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for markuppy: filename=MarkupPy-1.14-py3-none-any.whl size=7414 sha256=cefe8d9f20cecaf72253cab1e18acbdcb6d30827d7a3fd5a74bbef4935bc2e44
  Stored in directory: /home/k/.cache/pip/wheels/95/13/60/31c9d5f4cd012e491aeac154ef8b0ec964916523623eb02f0b
Successfully built markuppy
Installing collected packages: markuppy
Successfully installed markuppy-1.14

这种方法的明显缺点是，它打破了项目的venv与安装在系统本身上的python包之间的隔离。

例6:在Python3.7中，所有这些都没有发生

python3.7 -m venv test_env
source test_env/bin/activate
pip install -U pip
pip install markuppy

输出：

Collecting markuppy
  Downloading MarkupPy-1.14.tar.gz (6.8 kB)
Using legacy 'setup.py install' for markuppy, since package 'wheel' is not installed.
Installing collected packages: markuppy
    Running setup.py install for markuppy ... done
Successfully installed markuppy-1.14

尽管它确实提供了一个警告，即pip使用setup.py install而不是wheel。

问题

我们该如何处理这个wheel包？似乎我们所有人都已经安装了这个软件包(全部？)环境，但是标准库中的环境工具不会自动提供它。

我喜欢将我的项目环境与系统python环境完全隔离的想法，因此我看到的唯一选项是：

在创建一个新的venv .

• 之后，

1. 会立即手动安装wheel包，除了使用venv之外的另一个工具来管理wheel。

Answer 1

在设置venv时，在运行其他任何内容之前，只需先运行pip install --upgrade pip wheel即可。无论如何，这是一个很好的实践，可以确保您使用最新版本的pip来解决依赖关系，因此警告如下：

WARNING: You are using pip version 22.0.4; however, version 22.2.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/home/user/tmp/test_env/bin/python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

在默认情况下，轮子似乎不再包括在内，因为我也可以在3.10上进行复制。如果指定--system-site-packages来使用系统轮，那么venv的全部目的就是避免接触到系统python。在requirements.txt安装期间不使用也是有意义的，因为不太可能有任何软件包将wheel作为依赖项列出，因此很可能是并行安装的。