Python项目类型错误: Chips.place_bet()缺少一个必需的位置参数

Question

我正在尝试编写我的第一个python项目blackjack。我被建议在不同的文件中用每个类及其方法编写程序，这样代码就更易于管理了。我将代码分成更小的文件，并使用导入语句。

当我运行我的代码时，会收到以下错误消息：

Chips.place_bet()缺少一个必需的位置参数。self。

我认为self是，原谅双关语，不言自明。我不需要为self设置一个值。我想知道这是否是一个重要的问题。

我试图让我的place_bet功能激活，以便我可以要求用户输入的筹码数目为一个赌注。有人能告诉我怎么做吗？

我的代码分散在以下文件上：

blackjack.py

import random

from player import Player
from hand import Hand
from chips import Chips
from deck import Deck
from card import Card
# import helper_functions

# Blackjack/
# ├── app/
# │   ├── card.py
# │   ├── chips.py
# │   ├── deck.py
# │   ├── hand.py
# │   ├── player.py
# │   ├── main.py
# │   ├── helper_functions.py

# Gameplay and Outline of Project

# Welcome message and rules
print("Welcome to Blackjack! The rules for blackjack can be found here. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PljDuynF-j0")
print("The object of this blackjack game is to make it to 100 chips. You will start with 25 chips.")

# Establish player name
print("Please insert your player name: ")
player_name = input()
print('Please insert your player name ' + player_name)
print("Lets get started" + player_name + "please place your bet!")
# Place the bets BEFORE the cards are dealt. Pure risk.
place_bet()
# .  Deal 2 cards to user and dealer
# . print a message explaining the total hand value of the user. ask player to hit/stay?
# . If the player busts print player busts. if the player is under 21 ask them again to hit or stay.
# . If stay, move on to dealers turn.
# . If the hand is less than 17 have him hit, if it is over 17 have the dealer stay.
# . If the dealer stays print the dealers hand total. IF the dealers hand total is greater than the player the dealer wins.
# . if the dealer busts print the message he busts and the player wins and the player gets the chips.

# 1. Ask dealer to hit/stay?
# 2. If hit, deal 2 cards
# 3. If broke or blackjack deliver message
# 4. If stay, compare hands
# 5. If users hand is closer to 21, (user wins)
# 6. If dealers hand is closer to 21, (user loses)


def main():
    player = Player('strikeouts27', 500,)
    dealer = Player()

    player_chips = Chips()
    dealer_chips = Chips()

    cards = Card()
    deck = Deck()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

card.py

class Card:
    """Card class"""

    def __init__(self, rank, suit):
        self.rank = rank
        self.suit = suit

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}(rank={self.rank}, suit={self.suit})'

class Chips:
    """Chip class manages chip balance"""

    def __init__(self, balance):
        self.balance = balance
        self.bet = 0

    def place_bet(self):
        while True:
            total = input(f'How much do you bet? (1-{self.balance}):\n> ')
            # return True if a digit string. false otherwise. hover over the method for visual studio code to show you.
            if not total.isdigit():
                continue
            total = int(total)
            if total > self.balance:
                print('You do not have enough')
                continue
            return total

    def add_value(self, value):
        """Add value to chip total"""
        self.balance += value

    def deduct_value(self, value):
        """Deduct value from chip total"""
        self.balance -= value

    def display_chips(player, dealer):
        print(f'player chips: ${player.chips.balance}')
        print(f'dealer chips: ${dealer.chips.balance}')
            # Displays player and dealer chip count

class.py

class Card:
    #"""Card class"""

    def __init__(self, rank, suit):
        self.rank = rank
        self.suit = suit

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}(rank={self.rank}, suit={self.suit})'

deck.py

class Deck:
    """Deck class, represents 52 cards"""

    def __init__(self):
        self.ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2, 11)] + list('jqka')
        self.suits = ["hearts", "diamonds", "clubs", "spades"]
        self.cards = [Card(rank, suit)
                      for suit in self.suits for rank in self.ranks]
        random.shuffle(self.cards)

    # dunder method rewrites what pythons default method to show better information about itself.
    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.cards})'

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.cards)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        return self.cards[item]

    def shuffle(self):
        """shuffles deck of cards"""
        random.shuffle(self.cards)

hand.py

class Hand:
    """Hand class to hold the cards for the player and the dealer"""

    def __init__(self, cards=None):
        self.cards = [] if cards is None else cards
        self.value = 0
        self.aces = 0

    def add_to_hand(self, card):
        """Adds a cards to self.cards."""
        self.cards.append(card)

    def display_hand(self):
        hashtable = {'hearts': 9829, 'diamonds': 9830,
                     'spades': 9824, 'clubs': 9827}
        return [[i.rank, chr(hashtable.get(i.suit))] for i in self.cards]

    def display_hand_two(player, dealer):
        # Displays player and dealer hand
        print(
            f'players Hand: {player.hand.display_hand()} -->  total {player.total}')
        print(
            f'dealer Hand: {dealer.hand.display_hand()} -->  total {dealer.total}')

player.py

class Player:
    """Player class"""

    def __init__(self, name, chips, hand):
        self.name = name
        self.chips = chips
        self.hand = hand

    @property
    def total(self):
        """Returns the value of the cards. Face cards equal 10, aces can equal
        11 or 1, this function picks best case"""

        value = 0
        aces_count = 0
        # Each card is a tuple in a list:
        cards = [card for card in self.hand.cards]

        for card in cards:
            if card.rank == 'a':
                aces_count += 1
            elif card.rank in 'kqj':
                # Face cards are worth 10 points
                value += 10
            else:
                # Numbered cards are worth their value.
                value += int(card.rank)
        # Add value of aces - 1 per ace
        value += aces_count
        for i in range(aces_count):
            # If another 10 can be added,then do it!
            if value + 10 <= 21:
                value += 10

        return value

    @staticmethod
    def get_move():
        """returns player choice to hit or stand"""
        move = input('>>> (H)it, (S)tand ?:\n> ').lower()
        return move


def main():
    # Instantiate Deck
    deck = Deck()

    # shuffle deck
    deck.shuffle()

    # Instantiate player and dealer chips
    player_chips = Chips(500)
    dealer_chips = Chips(500)

    while True:
        # Instantiate player and dealer hand
        player_hand = Hand()
        dealer_hand = Hand()

        # Instantiate player and dealer
        player = Player('seraph', player_chips, player_hand)
        dealer = Player('codecademy', dealer_chips, dealer_hand)

        # Check if player has enough money
        if player_chips.balance <= 0:
            print('need more money')

        # Then place bet
        bet = player_chips.place_bet()

        # player draws 2 cards
        player.hand.add_to_hand(deck.cards.pop())
        player.hand.add_to_hand(deck.cards.pop())

        # Dealer draws cards
        dealer.hand.add_to_hand(deck.cards.pop())
        dealer.hand.add_to_hand(deck.cards.pop())

        # display player ann dealers hand
        display_hand(player, dealer)

        # Begin game
        while True:
            if player.total > 21:
                break

            #  Get the player's moves
            player_move = player.get_move()
            if player_move == 'h':
                new_card = deck.cards.pop()
                rank, suit = new_card.rank, new_card.suit
                player.hand.add_to_hand(new_card)
                print(f'You drew a {rank} of {suit}')
                display_hand(player, dealer)
                if player.total > 21:
                    print('You busted...')
                    # Busted
                    continue
            if player_move == 's':
                break

        # Get the dealer's moves
        if dealer.total <= 21 and not player.total > 21:
            while dealer.total <= 17:
                print('Dealer hits...')
                new_card = deck.cards.pop()
                dealer.hand.add_to_hand(new_card)
                if dealer.total > 21:
                    break

        if dealer.total > 21:
            print('Dealer Busted - You win!')
            display_hand(player, dealer)
            player.chips.add_value(bet)
            dealer.chips.deduct_value(bet)
            display_chips(player, dealer)

        elif player.total > 21 or player.total < dealer.total:
            print('You lost!')
            display_hand(player, dealer)
            player.chips.deduct_value(bet)
            dealer.chips.add_value(bet)
            display_chips(player, dealer)

        elif player.total == dealer.total:
            print("It's a tie! Money is returned")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

有人对菜鸟有建议吗？

我试着调用这个函数，并得到了一个错误。老实说没别的了。

Answer 1

以下几个问题：

• 文件class.py是多余的。它不是导入的，它只定义了一个已经在card.py.

中定义的类。

• 有两个main函数定义。一个在blackjack.py，一个在player.py。第一个定义了玩家的‘罢工27’，而另一个定义了'seraph'，‘Co量学’。第二个似乎更发达，使用的比player.py中的更多，因此它实际上应该移到player.py中。

与前一点相关的

• ：blackjack.py有在任何函数之外执行的代码。这与将驱动程序代码放入函数main中的模式相反。最好将所有相关的驱动程序代码移动到放置在main中的一个blackjack.py函数中。但是，这段代码看起来还没有完成，main中已经存在的代码已经开发得更多了。我认为您只需要main (较大的代码)中的代码。

• 与前一点有关：blackhack.py中的代码调用未定义的函数place_bet。有一个具有该名称的方法，但没有一个具有该名称的独立函数。为了调用该方法，您首先需要一个Chips实例，因此，正如我在前面的项目中提到的那样，我建议只删除这段代码，包括在其中生成的input。也许你只想保留这里所做的介绍性print声明，并将它们移到print中。

• random用于deck.py，但它是在blackjack.py中导入的。如果将deck.py语句移动到deck.py文件.

中，则会使deck.py更加独立。

• display_hand_two不应该是Hand类的方法。它甚至不期望有一个Hand类型的Hand参数。相反，这应该是blackjack.py.

中的一个独立函数。

• In main您有几个类似于display_hand(player, dealer)的调用，但是display_hand不是一个独立的函数，而是一个方法。这里您真正想要做的是调用display_hand_two(player, dealer)，为此您必须使display_hand_two成为一个独立的函数，就像前面的要点中提到的那样。

如果您实现了所有这些更改，您的代码将运行。