在tkinter/customtkinter中使用实例属性和类方法的范围问题

Question

我的tkinter/customtkinter使用高于另一个帧的多个帧。我有两个框架，两个都包含开关，需要相互反转(即当一个是‘开’，另一个必须‘关闭’)。这两个开关都是作为init方法中的实例对象创建的，在它们的“命令”参数中使用一个函数来更改彼此的状态。

最初，我试图直接调用每个对象：

class MainModes(customtkinter.CTkFrame):
    def__init__(self, parent)
        customtkinter.CTkframe.__init__(self, parent)
        
        self.frame_1 = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self)
        self.frame_1.pack()

        self.frame_2 = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self)
        self.frame_2.pack()

        self.switch_1 = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.frame_1,
                                                text='Switch 1',
                                                command=lambda: self.switch_2.toggle())

        self.switch_2 = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.frame_2,
                                                text='Switch 2',
                                                command=lambda: self.switch_1.toggle())

这会产生以下错误：

    command=lambda: self.switch_2.toggle() 
AttributeError: 'MainModes' has no object 'switch_2'

我假设这是在定义switch_2之前引用的，但是我对我的理解并不有信心，因为我认为如果是这样的话，它会产生一个NameError (我猜这是相同的错误动态，但是因为我在一个类中，它就是一个AttributeError?)。

相反，我尝试创建一个方法来处理这个问题：

class MainModes(customtkinter.CTkFrame):
    def__init__(self, parent)
        customtkinter.CTkframe.__init__(self, parent)
         
        self.frame_1 = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self)
        self.frame_1.pack()

        self.frame_2 = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self)
        self.frame_2.pack()

        self.switch_1 = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.frame_1,
                                                text='Switch 1',
                                                command=lambda: self.toggle_switch(switch_2))

        self.switch_2 = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.frame_2,
                                                text='Switch 2',
                                                command=lambda: self.toggle_switch(switch_1))

    def toggle_switch(self, switch):
          self.switch.toggle()

这会产生以下错误：

    command=lambda: self.toggle_switch(self.switch_2) 
AttributeError: 'MainModes' has no attribute 'switch_2'

唯一的不同之处在于，这里的措辞已从“对象”改为“属性”。

最后，我试图在init方法中使用Fun广子来处理它，但可以预见，这失败了：

class MainModes(customtkinter.CTkFrame):
    def__init__(self, parent)
        customtkinter.CTkframe.__init__(self, parent)
         
        self.frame_1 = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self)
        self.frame_1.pack()

        self.frame_2 = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self)
        self.frame_2.pack()

        def toggle_switch(switch):
            self.switch.toggle()

        self.switch_1 = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.frame_1,
                                                text='Switch 1',
                                                command=lambda: toggle_switch(switch_2))

        self.switch_2 = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.frame_2,
                                                text='Switch 2',
                                                command=lambda: toggle_switch(switch_1))

这会产生原始错误：

    command=lambda: self.switch_2.toggle() 
AttributeError: 'MainModes' has no object 'switch_2'

我知道这是一个范围确定的问题，就好像我从switch_1对象命令参数中删除函数，然后按需要删除switch_2函数一样。我相信这是一个重复的问题，我已经研究了其中的问题，但我无法找到解决办法。

此外，我发现这一点很难理解，因为在相同的代码中，我有一些按钮，它们引用在init方法中创建的函数，这些函数可以相互重新配置，而且我没有遇到任何这些错误。我把自己彻底搞糊涂了。

编辑:我认为最初的例子可能会给出足够的信息，从概念上看到底是怎么回事，但我知道它们并没有重复这个问题。我在下面包含了一个完全工作的小示例，它展示了GUI的基本结构(现在可能走得太远了)：

import tkinter
import customtkinter

# Main application    
class App(customtkinter.CTk):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
                    
        #container to pack different windows of the app into
        container = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self)
        container.pack(expand=True, fill='both')
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
    
        self.frames = {}
        self.frames['homescreen'] = HomeScreen(container, self)
        self.frames['page_1'] = MainModes(container, self)
           
        for F in ('homescreen', 'page_1'):
        
            self.frames[F].grid(row = 0, column = 0, sticky='nsew')
    
        self.show_frame('homescreen')
    
    def show_frame(self, page_class):
        frame = self.frames[page_class]
        frame.tkraise()
     
class HomeScreen(customtkinter.CTkFrame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        customtkinter.CTkFrame.__init__(self, parent)
            
        self.controller = controller
            
        #Configure rows and columns
        self.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1) 
        self.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1)
                    
        #Define buttons
        page_1_button = customtkinter.CTkButton(self,                                                 
                                                text="Page 1",
                                                command=lambda: controller.show_frame('page_1'))

        #Position of buttons in the main_window
        page_1_button.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='nsew')
    
class MainModes(customtkinter.CTkFrame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        customtkinter.CTkFrame.__init__(self, parent)
    
        self.controller = controller

        #overall layout
        self.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1) 
        self.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1) #mode_1 and mode_2 tabs are contained here
        self.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight=1) #all widgets are contained in two frames in this row, clicking between mode_1 and mode_2 buttons raises different frames containing different widgets
        self.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight=1) #back button is here
           
        self.frame = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self) #this frame contains the mode_1 and mode_2 frames and they are raised over one another according to which tab is selected
        self.frame.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        self.frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
    
        #====================================Mode 1 Frame====================================#
    
        self.mode_1_frame = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self.frame)
                                                              
        self.mode_1_frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
        self.mode_1_frame.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
    
        self.mode_1_frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='nsew')               
    
        #====================================Mode 2 Frame====================================# 
    
        self.mode_2_frame = customtkinter.CTkFrame(self.frame)
                                                           
        self.mode_2_frame.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)
        self.mode_2_frame.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
    
        self.mode_2_frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='nsew')
    
        #====================================Mode 1 Frame Widgets====================================#
                
        self.mode_1_switch_var = tkinter.StringVar(self.mode_1_frame)
        self.mode_1_switch_var.set(value='Mode 1: ON')
    
        #function that sets the textvariable values of mode_1_switch and mode_2_switch when either is toggled
        def switch_functions(switch_var, mode, switch):
            switch_var.set(value=f'{mode}: ' + switch.get())
                                              
        self.mode_1_switch = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.mode_1_frame,
                                                 textvariable=self.mode_1_switch_var,
                                                 onvalue='ON',
                                                 offvalue='OFF',
                                                 command=lambda: [switch_functions(self.mode_1_switch_var, 'Mode 1', self.mode_1_switch), self.mode_2_switch.toggle()])
    
        self.mode_1_switch.select()#turns switch on at open
        self.mode_1_switch.grid(row=0, column=0)          
         
        #====================================Mode_2 Frame Widgets====================================# 
               
        self.mode_2_switch_var = tkinter.StringVar(self.mode_2_frame)
        self.mode_2_switch_var.set(value='Mode 2: OFF')
    
                
        self.mode_2_switch = customtkinter.CTkSwitch(self.mode_2_frame,
                                                 textvariable=self.mode_2_switch_var,
                                                 onvalue='ON',
                                                 offvalue='OFF',
                                                 command=lambda: [switch_functions(self.mode_2_switch_var, 'Mode 2', self.mode_2_switch), self.mode_1_switch.toggle()])
     
        self.mode_2_switch.grid(row=0, column=0)
   
        #====================================Frame toggle and back buttons====================================#  
     
        self.mode_2_button = customtkinter.CTkButton(self,
                                                 text='Mode 2',
                                                 command=lambda: self.mode_2_frame.tkraise()) 
    
        self.mode_1_button = customtkinter.CTkButton(self,
                                                 text = 'Mode 1',
                                                 command=lambda: self.mode_1_frame.tkraise())
    
        self.back_button = customtkinter.CTkButton(self,
                                               text='Back',
                                               command=lambda: controller.show_frame('homescreen'))
                     
        self.mode_1_button.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='nsew')
        self.mode_2_button.grid(row=0, column=1, sticky='nsew')
        self.frame.grid(row=1, columnspan=2, sticky='nsew')
        self.back_button.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, sticky='nsew')   
    
        self.mode_1_frame.tkraise()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = App()
    app.mainloop()

Answer 1

“在创建开关后尝试配置”命令：

self.switch_1.config(command=lambda: self.switch_2.toggle())

和

self.switch_2.config(command=lambda: self.switch_1.toggle()) 

在init()方法的末尾。-西尔维斯特·库恩

这绝对是正确的方法，不幸的是，问题是(我真的应该看到！)每当任何一个开关被切换时，它都会创建一个无限的回调函数交换，因为它们之间不断地来回切换。我通过在customtkinter模块中添加一个控制参数来解决这个问题，这样就可以传递一个参数来阻止正在执行的开关的命令函数。这可能是错误的做法，但它对我有效。