Python包全局安装，但在虚拟环境中失败。

Question

我对Python很陌生，并且很难理解安装软件包的不同方法。我在MacOS Catalina。

我尝试在终端中安装package (https://github.com/burtonrj/CytoPy)：

pip install cytopy

这个安装得很好。我创建了一个文件test.py：

from cytopy.data.setup import global_init
print("test")

运行良好，即正确导入细胞周期包。

然后，我将在Visual教程中使用Python开始学习以下内容：https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/python/python-tutorial

它说，重要的是要避免将软件包安装到全局解释器环境中，而应使用特定于项目的虚拟环境。我按照Visual代码中的终端教程创建一个虚拟环境：

python3 -m venv .venv
source .venv/bin/activate

现在，我尝试在虚拟环境中安装这个包：

pip install cytopy

最后我犯了很多错误：

​

​

主要错误是：

 ERROR: Failed building wheel for fdasrsf
 Successfully built hdbscan
 Failed to build fdasrsf
 ERROR: Could not build wheels for fdasrsf, which is required to install 
 pyproject.toml-based projects

为什么它要通过Visual代码中的终端进行全局安装，而不是在虚拟环境中安装？

编辑我按建议使用了pip3。我还是会犯同样的错误。下面是有关错误的更多日志：

                                          _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:83:53: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     pthread_sigmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *) __DARWIN_ALIAS(pthread_sigmask);
                                                        ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:83:53: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     pthread_sigmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *) __DARWIN_ALIAS(pthread_sigmask);
                                                        ^
                                                         _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:83:53: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     pthread_sigmask(int, const sigset_t *, sigset_t *) __DARWIN_ALIAS(pthread_sigmask);
                                                        ^
                                                         _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:84:43: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigaction(int, const struct sigaction * __restrict,
                                              ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:84:43: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigaction(int, const struct sigaction * __restrict,
                                              ^
                                                _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:84:43: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigaction(int, const struct sigaction * __restrict,
                                              ^
                                                _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:85:23: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
            struct sigaction * __restrict);
                             ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:85:23: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
            struct sigaction * __restrict);
                             ^
                               _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:85:23: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
            struct sigaction * __restrict);
                             ^
                               _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:86:24: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigaddset(sigset_t *, int);
                           ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:86:24: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigaddset(sigset_t *, int);
                           ^
                            _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:86:24: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigaddset(sigset_t *, int);
                           ^
                            _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:87:31: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigaltstack(const stack_t * __restrict, stack_t * __restrict)  __DARWIN_ALIAS(sigaltstack) __WATCHOS_PROHIBITED __TVOS_PROHIBITED;
                                  ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:87:31: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigaltstack(const stack_t * __restrict, stack_t * __restrict)  __DARWIN_ALIAS(sigaltstack) __WATCHOS_PROHIBITED __TVOS_PROHIBITED;
                                  ^
                                    _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:87:31: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigaltstack(const stack_t * __restrict, stack_t * __restrict)  __DARWIN_ALIAS(sigaltstack) __WATCHOS_PROHIBITED __TVOS_PROHIBITED;
                                  ^
                                    _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:87:53: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigaltstack(const stack_t * __restrict, stack_t * __restrict)  __DARWIN_ALIAS(sigaltstack) __WATCHOS_PROHIBITED __TVOS_PROHIBITED;
                                                        ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:87:53: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigaltstack(const stack_t * __restrict, stack_t * __restrict)  __DARWIN_ALIAS(sigaltstack) __WATCHOS_PROHIBITED __TVOS_PROHIBITED;
                                                        ^
                                                          _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:87:53: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigaltstack(const stack_t * __restrict, stack_t * __restrict)  __DARWIN_ALIAS(sigaltstack) __WATCHOS_PROHIBITED __TVOS_PROHIBITED;
                                                        ^
                                                          _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:88:24: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigdelset(sigset_t *, int);
                           ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:88:24: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigdelset(sigset_t *, int);
                           ^
                            _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:88:24: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigdelset(sigset_t *, int);
                           ^
                            _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:89:26: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigemptyset(sigset_t *);
                             ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:89:26: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigemptyset(sigset_t *);
                             ^
                              _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:89:26: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigemptyset(sigset_t *);
                             ^
                              _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:90:25: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigfillset(sigset_t *);
                            ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:90:25: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigfillset(sigset_t *);
                            ^
                             _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:90:25: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigfillset(sigset_t *);
                            ^
                             _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:94:32: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigismember(const sigset_t *, int);
                                   ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:94:32: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigismember(const sigset_t *, int);
                                   ^
                                    _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:94:32: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigismember(const sigset_t *, int);
                                   ^
                                    _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:96:25: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigpending(sigset_t *);
                            ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:96:25: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigpending(sigset_t *);
                            ^
                             _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:96:25: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigpending(sigset_t *);
                            ^
                             _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:97:37: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t * __restrict, sigset_t * __restrict);
                                        ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:97:37: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t * __restrict, sigset_t * __restrict);
                                        ^
                                          _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:97:37: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t * __restrict, sigset_t * __restrict);
                                        ^
                                          _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:97:60: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t * __restrict, sigset_t * __restrict);
                                                               ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:97:60: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t * __restrict, sigset_t * __restrict);
                                                               ^
                                                                 _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:97:60: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigprocmask(int, const sigset_t * __restrict, sigset_t * __restrict);
                                                               ^
                                                                 _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:100:31: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigsuspend(const sigset_t *) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigsuspend);
                                  ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:100:31: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigsuspend(const sigset_t *) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigsuspend);
                                  ^
                                   _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:100:31: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigsuspend(const sigset_t *) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigsuspend);
                                  ^
                                   _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:101:28: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigwait(const sigset_t * __restrict, int * __restrict) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigwait);
                               ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:101:28: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigwait(const sigset_t * __restrict, int * __restrict) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigwait);
                               ^
                                 _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:101:28: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigwait(const sigset_t * __restrict, int * __restrict) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigwait);
                               ^
                                 _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:101:46: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigwait(const sigset_t * __restrict, int * __restrict) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigwait);
                                                 ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:101:46: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigwait(const sigset_t * __restrict, int * __restrict) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigwait);
                                                 ^
                                                   _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:101:46: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigwait(const sigset_t * __restrict, int * __restrict) __DARWIN_ALIAS_C(sigwait);
                                                 ^
                                                   _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:103:39: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
void    psignal(unsigned int, const char *);
                                         ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:103:39: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
void    psignal(unsigned int, const char *);
                                         ^
                                          _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:103:39: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
void    psignal(unsigned int, const char *);
                                         ^
                                          _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:106:31: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigvec(int, struct sigvec *, struct sigvec *);
                                  ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:106:31: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigvec(int, struct sigvec *, struct sigvec *);
                                  ^
                                   _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:106:31: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigvec(int, struct sigvec *, struct sigvec *);
                                  ^
                                   _Nonnull
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:106:48: warning: pointer is missing a nullability type specifier (_Nonnull, _Nullable, or _Null_unspecified) [-Wnullability-completeness]
int     sigvec(int, struct sigvec *, struct sigvec *);
                                                   ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:106:48: note: insert '_Nullable' if the pointer may be null
int     sigvec(int, struct sigvec *, struct sigvec *);
                                                   ^
                                                    _Nullable
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/signal.h:106:48: note: insert '_Nonnull' if the pointer should never be null
int     sigvec(int, struct sigvec *, struct sigvec *);
                                                   ^
                                                    _Nonnull
220 warnings generated.
clang -bundle -undefined dynamic_lookup -L/usr/local/opt/readline/lib -L/usr/local/opt/readline/lib -L/Users/markkelly/.pyenv/versions/3.8.0/lib -L/usr/local/opt/readline/lib -L/usr/local/opt/readline/lib -L/Users/markkelly/.pyenv/versions/3.8.0/lib build/temp.macosx-10.15-x86_64-3.8/src/DP.o build/temp.macosx-10.15-x86_64-3.8/src/optimum_reparam_N.o -o build/lib.macosx-10.15-x86_64-3.8/optimum_reparam_N.cpython-38-darwin.so
clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -I/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include -I/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include -I/private/var/folders/pg/g0n4w9955m7ff1rsj6b6tpz40000gn/T/pip-build-env-vgswf17a/overlay/lib/python3.8/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/markkelly/RedMatter/repos/new_version/cytopy/.venv/include -I/Users/markkelly/.pyenv/versions/3.8.0/include/python3.8 -c src/bayesian.cpp -o build/temp.macosx-10.15-x86_64-3.8/src/bayesian.o
In file included from src/bayesian.cpp:1:
In file included from src/armadillo:26:
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:317:9: error: no member named 'signbit' in the global namespace
using ::signbit;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:318:9: error: no member named 'fpclassify' in the global namespace
using ::fpclassify;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:319:9: error: no member named 'isfinite' in the global namespace; did you mean 'finite'?
using ::isfinite;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk/usr/include/math.h:752:12: note: 'finite' declared here
extern int finite(double)
           ^
In file included from src/bayesian.cpp:1:
In file included from src/armadillo:26:
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:320:9: error: no member named 'isinf' in the global namespace
using ::isinf;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:321:9: error: no member named 'isnan' in the global namespace
using ::isnan;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:322:9: error: no member named 'isnormal' in the global namespace
using ::isnormal;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:323:9: error: no member named 'isgreater' in the global namespace
using ::isgreater;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:324:9: error: no member named 'isgreaterequal' in the global namespace
using ::isgreaterequal;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:325:9: error: no member named 'isless' in the global namespace
using ::isless;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:326:9: error: no member named 'islessequal' in the global namespace
using ::islessequal;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:327:9: error: no member named 'islessgreater' in the global namespace
using ::islessgreater;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:328:9: error: no member named 'isunordered' in the global namespace
using ::isunordered;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:329:9: error: no member named 'isunordered' in the global namespace
using ::isunordered;
      ~~^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:640:26: error: no template named 'numeric_limits'
    bool _FloatBigger = (numeric_limits<_FloatT>::digits > numeric_limits<_IntT>::digits),
                         ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:640:60: error: no template named 'numeric_limits'
    bool _FloatBigger = (numeric_limits<_FloatT>::digits > numeric_limits<_IntT>::digits),
                                                           ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:641:18: error: no template named 'numeric_limits'
    int _Bits = (numeric_limits<_IntT>::digits - numeric_limits<_FloatT>::digits)>
                 ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:641:50: error: no template named 'numeric_limits'
    int _Bits = (numeric_limits<_IntT>::digits - numeric_limits<_FloatT>::digits)>
                                                 ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:646:17: error: no template named 'numeric_limits'
  static_assert(numeric_limits<_FloatT>::radix == 2, "FloatT has incorrect radix");
                ^
/Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/usr/bin/../include/c++/v1/cmath:649:25: error: no template named 'numeric_limits'
  return _FloatBigger ? numeric_limits<_IntT>::max() :  (numeric_limits<_IntT>::max() >> _Bits << _Bits);
                        ^
fatal error: too many errors emitted, stopping now [-ferror-limit=]
20 errors generated.
setup.py:47: DeprecationWarning: distutils Version classes are deprecated. Use packaging.version instead.
  mac_ver = str(LooseVersion(get_config_var('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET')))
not modified: 'build/_DP.c'

这似乎与CommandLineTools有关

编辑

为了跟进Alan下面的评论，当我转到Visual代码>命令调色板> Python: Select解释器时，我会看到以下内容：

​

​

编辑遵循@菲尼克斯的答案，我下载并安装了conda。然后我创建了一个虚拟环境：

conda create --name myEnv python=3.8

然后我激活：

conda activate myEnv

正如我看到的(myEnv)，它会激活。然后我会：

which python

其中产出：

/usr/local/bin/python

然后我做(在myEnv中)：

python --version

其中产出：

Python 3.9.9

当我期待3.8.0的时候。无论如何，我继续并运行(在myEnv中)：

pip install numpy==1.19 

它用另一个错误来响应：

ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement numpy==1.19 (from versions: 1.3.0, 1.4.1, 1.5.0, 1.5.1, 1.6.0, 1.6.1, 1.6.2, 1.7.0, 1.7.1, 1.7.2, 1.8.0, 1.8.1, 1.8.2, 1.9.0, 1.9.1, 1.9.2, 1.9.3, 1.10.0.post2, 1.10.1, 1.10.2, 1.10.4, 1.11.0, 1.11.1, 1.11.2, 1.11.3, 1.12.0, 1.12.1, 1.13.0rc1, 1.13.0rc2, 1.13.0, 1.13.1, 1.13.3, 1.14.0rc1, 1.14.0, 1.14.1, 1.14.2, 1.14.3, 1.14.4, 1.14.5, 1.14.6, 1.15.0rc1, 1.15.0rc2, 1.15.0, 1.15.1, 1.15.2, 1.15.3, 1.15.4, 1.16.0rc1, 1.16.0rc2, 1.16.0, 1.16.1, 1.16.2, 1.16.3, 1.16.4, 1.16.5, 1.16.6)

当然，numpy 1.19确实存在。

用python建立一个虚拟环境总是非常困难吗？

Answer 1

因此，我要注意的第一件事是，您想要使用的包CytoPy的文档中有一个专门的页面来安装和配置CytoPy。此页面可以访问这里。

此页面列出了按顺序必须遵循的各种步骤，包括安装MongoDB、安装NumPy和其他步骤。安装过程非常具体和详细，所以我想强调一些重要的事情。首先，您必须确保使用正确的Python版本，即3.8。此外，您希望拥有正确的NumPy版本，即1.19。

此外，CytoPy强烈建议使用Conda而不是venv来创建您的环境，在使用包含非Python语言代码的工具(这包括许多数据和科学计算工具，其中包含来自编译语言(如C或C++)的模块)时，这通常是非常好的建议。有关Conda与venv之间的更多差异，请参见这篇文章。

此外，虽然这并不是绝对必要的，但如果您计划在将来进行大量的科学计算和基于数据的计算，或者计划将许多不同的包安装到您正在为该项目使用的环境中，我强烈建议您研究一下曼巴，这是一个更快、更好的Conda版本，尽管根据您的具体意图，这个项目可能没有必要这样做。

在更一般的情况下，虽然遵循一般Python教程(比如您从VSCode中提到的教程)当然没有什么问题，但您最好还是研究一下您想要使用的特定包中的更具体的安装过程/建议，以及您所处的计算领域中推荐的“最佳实践”。实际上，在VSCode教程这里中实际上提到了这一点。

数据科学:如果您使用Python的主要目的是数据科学，那么您可以考虑从Anaconda下载。Anaconda不仅提供Python解释器，而且为数据科学提供了许多有用的库和工具。

编辑:编辑的答案，以回应您的更新涉及您的问题与conda。

在以下方面：

输出：which python：/usr/local/bin/python

这是问题的根源，即使您已经激活了conda环境，如果python仍然指向那个python解释器，那么您的python别名/路径可能会出现问题。

不幸的是，您的麻烦可能是由conda：https://github.com/conda/conda/issues/9392中已知的bug造成的。

通过阅读上面链接的Github网页，我推荐了两种可能的解决办法(这些解决办法归功于此网页上的开发人员)：

解决办法1：

1. 打开一个新的终端会话。如果您当前处于conda环境中，就像在您的shell会话的左边看到(base)一样，那么跳到步骤2。如果您没有看到(base)类型conda activate来激活conda环境。
2. 键入conda activate myEnv并按enter以激活myEnv环境。
3. 输入which python并按enter键，注意使用了错误的python解释器。
4. 键入conda deactivate以禁用conda环境myEnv
5. 键入conda deactivate以禁用基本conda环境。
6. 键入conda activate myEnv以激活conda环境myEnv。
7. 输入which python和python -V来验证您是否使用了正确的python解释器和版本。

如果这不起作用，退出shell会话，打开一个新会话，然后尝试以下操作：

变通方法2

这个解决办法有点短，但我对它不太有信心。

1. 打开一个新的终端外壳，如果没有激活conda基本环境，则激活它。
2. 用conda create --name myEnv2 python=3.8 numpy==1.19创建一个新环境(您可能必须对安装numpy的提示符回答是)
3. 检查which python和python -V，看看这是否有效。如果这不起作用，请尝试使用myEnv2而不是myEnv的解决方案1。

将来，在使用conda环境之前，请确保检查当前python是什么，如果不正确，请使用任何适合您的解决方案。

如果没有这些工作，您可以检查这里讨论的其他解决方案，但我认为至少有一个上面的方法应该有效：https://github.com/conda/conda/issues/9392。

我完全理解你对创造环境的挫折感。创建和管理python虚拟环境可能很困难(具有讽刺意味的是，这正是conda应该解决的问题)，但由于conda中一个未修复的bug，您的情况似乎特别复杂。

Answer 2

我认为您试图使用的库支持python3.6和python3.7。我认为默认的全局python版本是2.7，但是您的venv是用python3.8创建的，因此出错了。

尝试使用2.7、3.6或3.7之一的python创建venv，然后再试一次。

我发现：python<version optionally> -m pip install <sth>总是使用适当的笔尖，并且可以节省我很多的挠头和拉头发的时间。

Answer 3

在您的虚拟环境中，您需要这样做。

python3 -m pip install -U pip setuptools wheel --ignore-installed

您可能在您的虚拟环境中没有可用的轮子，尽管这在您的系统python中是可用的。

通常，大多数软件包需要安装pip、setuptools和wheel在您的虚拟环境中。他们的最新版本是首选。

默认情况下，venv在虚拟环境中安装pip和setuptools (但不是wheel)。

此外，请参考这个Dockerfile获取有关包安装步骤的更多信息。

您需要安装wheel，并且在您的虚拟环境中丢失了这一点。

用python建立一个虚拟环境总是非常困难吗？

设置虚拟环境很简单，管理依赖项和它们所需的版本不是很简单。这不是python特有的问题，它通常被称为依赖地狱。

使用虚拟环境是管理依赖关系问题的一个不完善的解决方案。

多年来，python开发人员创建了许多工具来简化这一工作，virtualenv、venv、virtualenvwrapper、pipenv、poetry等是这一领域中最流行的工具。

而且并不总是特别难的。

我对Python很陌生，并且很难理解安装软件包的不同方法。

阅读了有关在 文档中安装python包的更多信息。

一些开发人员使用Docker来代替它。例如，CytoPy github页面说

CytoPy有许多复杂的依赖项，因此我们建议您使用docker。

--您可能也应该尝试docker，如果您认为管理依赖关系所需的工作量太大了。

当然，numpy 1.19确实存在。

对于python2，命令pip正在尝试python2。建议的numpy版本是python2兼容版本。

您需要使用pip3或python3 -m pip安装python3兼容的numpy版本(至少在您的系统上)。

以及安装CytoPy

python3 -m pip install cytopy