在OSX Mojave上使用pip会迫使我安装最近发布的python包。

Question

因此，我最近更新了一台旧的macbook pro到Mojave (osx 10.14)，并决定将其作为辅助笔记本电脑进行开发。使用python 3.7，我创建了一个虚拟环境，如下所示：

python3.7 -m venv myvirtualenv

获取我正在处理的存储库，启用我的virtualenv并开始安装需求：

billiard==3.6.1.0
boto3==1.9.248
botocore==1.12.248
celery==4.3.0
certifi==2018.8.24
chardet==3.0.4
defusedxml==0.5.0
dj-database-url==0.5.0
Django==2.2
django-appconf==1.0.3
django-autoslug==1.9.6
django-celery==3.3.1
django-cors-headers==3.1.0
django-heroku==0.3.1
django-mailing==0.1.3
django-storages==1.7.2
django-otp==0.5.0
django-redis-cache==2.1.0
django-templated-mail==1.1.1
djangorestframework==3.8.2
djangorestframework-jwt==1.11.0
djoser==1.7.0
docutils==0.15.2
idna==2.7
importlib-metadata==0.23
jmespath==0.9.4
kombu==4.6.5
more-itertools==7.2.0
oauthlib==2.1.0
Pillow==6.2.0
psycopg2==2.8.3
PyJWT==1.6.4
python-dateutil==2.8.0
python-http-client==3.2.1
python3-openid==3.1.0
pytz==2018.5
redis==3.3.8
requests==2.19.1
requests-oauthlib==1.0.0
rest-social-auth==1.4.0
s3transfer==0.2.1
sendgrid==6.1.0
six==1.11.0
social-auth-app-django==2.1.0
social-auth-core==1.7.0
sqlparse==0.3.0
urllib3==1.23
vine==1.3.0
gunicorn==19.9.0
whitenoise==4.1.4
zipp==0.6.0
django-celery-beat==1.5.0

问题是，pip拒绝安装这个版本，并强迫我使用更新的包。例如，我不能安装Django 2.2.12 (只有3.0.5和更高版本)：

    pip install django==2.2.12
    Looking in indexes: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/
    Collecting django==2.2.12
      ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement django==2.2.12 **(from versions: 3.0.5)**
    ERROR: No matching distribution found for django==2.2.12

对于我的需求，几乎所有的包都是一样的。

我测试了几个python版本(从3.4到3.8)和几个pip版本(从10到20，下载get-pi.py脚本并运行它)。我非常确定我在创建的每个venv上都使用了正确的python和pip版本。以上所有功能在过时的el capitan macbook上都能完美工作，所以我感觉到OSX有个问题。Pip详细日志为(pip 20.0.2)：

  pip install -vvv django==2.2.12
    Non-user install because user site-packages disabled
    Created temporary directory: /private/var/folders/dp/lsdfffdx6b19vw5ykvwwyf280000gn/T/pip-ephem-wheel-cache-ouaeti4l
    Created temporary directory: /private/var/folders/dp/lsdfffdx6b19vw5ykvwwyf280000gn/T/pip-req-tracker-3hfud6vs
    Initialized build tracking at /private/var/folders/dp/lsdfffdx6b19vw5ykvwwyf280000gn/T/pip-req-tracker-3hfud6vs
    Created build tracker: /private/var/folders/dp/lsdfffdx6b19vw5ykvwwyf280000gn/T/pip-req-tracker-3hfud6vs
    Entered build tracker: /private/var/folders/dp/lsdfffdx6b19vw5ykvwwyf280000gn/T/pip-req-tracker-3hfud6vs
    Created temporary directory: /private/var/folders/dp/lsdfffdx6b19vw5ykvwwyf280000gn/T/pip-install-s86u8lbh
    Looking in indexes: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/
    1 location(s) to search for versions of django:
    * https://pypi.python.org/pypi/django/
    Fetching project page and analyzing links: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/django/
    Getting page https://pypi.python.org/pypi/django/
    Found index url https://pypi.python.org/pypi/
    Starting new HTTPS connection (1): pypi.python.org:443
    https://pypi.python.org:443 "GET /pypi/django/ HTTP/1.1" 301 122
    Starting new HTTPS connection (1): pypi.org:443
    https://pypi.org:443 "GET /pypi/django/ HTTP/1.1" 301 213
    https://pypi.org:443 "GET /project/django/ HTTP/1.1" 301 213
    https://pypi.org:443 "GET /project/Django/ HTTP/1.1" 200 14886
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#content (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/help/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://donate.pypi.org (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/account/login/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/account/register/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#description (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#history (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#files (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.djangoproject.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://code.djangoproject.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://github.com/django/django (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.djangoproject.com/fundraising/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://docs.djangoproject.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://libraries.io/pypi/Django (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://packaging.python.org/guides/analyzing-pypi-package-downloads/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: unsupported archive format: .com: mailto:foundation%40djangoproject.com (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/user/apollo13/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/user/carltongibson/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/user/felixx/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/user/jacobian/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/user/ubernostrum/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Development+Status+%3A%3A+5+-+Production%2FStable (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Environment+%3A%3A+Web+Environment (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Framework+%3A%3A+Django (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Intended+Audience+%3A%3A+Developers (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=License+%3A%3A+OSI+Approved+%3A%3A+BSD+License (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Operating+System+%3A%3A+OS+Independent (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Programming+Language+%3A%3A+Python (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Programming+Language+%3A%3A+Python+%3A%3A+3 (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Programming+Language+%3A%3A+Python+%3A%3A+3+%3A%3A+Only (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Programming+Language+%3A%3A+Python+%3A%3A+3.6 (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Programming+Language+%3A%3A+Python+%3A%3A+3.7 (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Programming+Language+%3A%3A+Python+%3A%3A+3.8 (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Topic+%3A%3A+Internet+%3A%3A+WWW%2FHTTP (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Topic+%3A%3A+Internet+%3A%3A+WWW%2FHTTP+%3A%3A+Dynamic+Content (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Topic+%3A%3A+Internet+%3A%3A+WWW%2FHTTP+%3A%3A+WSGI (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Topic+%3A%3A+Software+Development+%3A%3A+Libraries+%3A%3A+Application+Frameworks (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/search/?c=Topic+%3A%3A+Software+Development+%3A%3A+Libraries+%3A%3A+Python+Modules (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#data (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://code.djangoproject.com/newticket (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia%3AIRC/Tutorial (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://groups.google.com/group/django-users (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/contributing/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/internals/contributing/writing-code/unit-tests/#running-the-unit-tests (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/help/#project-release-notifications (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: unsupported archive format: .5: https://pypi.org/project/Django/3.0.5/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: unsupported archive format: .13: https://pypi.org/project/Django/2.0.13/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: unsupported archive format: .12: https://pypi.org/project/Django/2.0.12/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)

      Skipping link: not a file: https://packaging.python.org/installing/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Found link https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a9/4f/8a247eee2958529a6a805d38fbacd9764fd566462fa0016aa2a2947ab2a6/Django-3.0.5-py3-none-any.whl (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/), version: 3.0.5
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#copy-hash-modal-b9735743-a7e7-4ab4-95f0-c6f4582855ff (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Found link https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ed/52/1f281f39fe38d10c6c73e1c1d26a0aad5406be1108bf5f50423751ea8aa3/Django-3.0.5.tar.gz (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/), version: 3.0.5
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#copy-hash-modal-e74730bd-b9a1-4d5a-aa25-3f2ee7cd20c3 (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/project/Django/#modal-close (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/reference/pip_install/#hash-checking-mode (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/packaging-projects/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://packaging.python.org/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://twitter.com/PyPI (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://dtdg.co/pypi (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0541/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/sponsors/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/help/#feedback (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://github.com/pypa/warehouse (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://hosted.weblate.org/projects/pypa/warehouse/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://github.com/pypa/warehouse/graphs/contributors (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.pypa.io/en/latest/code-of-conduct/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/security/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.python.org/privacy/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/policy/terms-of-use/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://status.python.org/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.python.org/psf/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://pypi.org/sitemap/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.pingdom.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://cloud.google.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://getsentry.com/for/python (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://aws.amazon.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.datadoghq.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.fastly.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://www.digicert.com/ (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
      Skipping link: not a file: https://statuspage.io (from https://pypi.org/project/Django/)
    Given no hashes to check 0 links for project 'django': discarding no candidates
    ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement django==2.2.12 (from versions: 3.0.5)
    Cleaning up...
    Removed build tracker: '/private/var/folders/dp/lsdfffdx6b19vw5ykvwwyf280000gn/T/pip-req-tracker-3hfud6vs'
    ERROR: No matching distribution found for django==2.2.12
    Exception information:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/pathtovirtualenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 186, in _main
        status = self.run(options, args)
      File "/pathtovirtualenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 331, in run
        resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
      File "/pathtovirtualenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/legacy_resolve.py", line 177, in resolve
        discovered_reqs.extend(self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req))
      File "/pathtovirtualenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/legacy_resolve.py", line 333, in _resolve_one
        abstract_dist = self._get_abstract_dist_for(req_to_install)
      File "/pathtovirtualenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/legacy_resolve.py", line 281, in _get_abstract_dist_for
        req.populate_link(self.finder, upgrade_allowed, require_hashes)
      File "/pathtovirtualenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py", line 249, in populate_link
        self.link = finder.find_requirement(self, upgrade)
      File "/pathtovirtualenv/lib/python3.7/site-packages/pip/_internal/index/package_finder.py", line 927, in find_requirement
        'No matching distribution found for %s' % req
    pip._internal.exceptions.DistributionNotFound: No matching distribution found for django==2.2.12

Answer 1

经过一些挖掘，我找到了一个对我有效的解决方案，灵感来自于这个无关的答案：Updating the pip.conf file to use https

在我的/Users/USERNAME/.pip/pip.conf上

[global]
index-url=https://pypi.python.org/pypi/
trusted-host = pypi.python.org
               pypi.org
               files.pythonhosted.org

刚刚将index-url更改为：

index-url=https://pypi.python.org/simple/

等着瞧吧！

然而，我不知道我是否在将来需要安装更新版本的pip包时引入了一些问题。我想如果我偶然发现他们，我会把pip.conf恢复为pypi。