逆方差和值

Question

为什么'val‘和'case’会影响类型系统？(特别是方差)

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scala> class E[-A]
defined class E

scala> class F[-A](val f: E[A] => Unit)
<console>:6: error: contravariant type A occurs in covariant position in type => (E[A]) => Unit of value f
class F[-A](val f: E[A] => Unit)
                       ^  
scala> case class C[-A](f: E[A] => Unit)
<console>:6: error: contravariant type A occurs in covariant position in type => (E[A]) => Unit of value f
   case class C[-A](f: E[A] => Unit)

scala> class F[-A](f: E[A] => Unit)    
defined class F

Answer 1

请考虑以下内容：

trait Equal[-A] { def eq(a1: A, a2: A): Boolean }
val e = new Equal[Option[Int]] { 
    def eq(a1: Option[Int], a2: Option[Int]) = a1 forall (x => a2 forall (x ==)) 
}

// Because Equal is contra-variant, Equal[AnyRef] is a subtype of Equal[String]
// Because T => R is contra-variant in T, Equal[AnyRef] => Unit is a supertype
// of Equal[String] => Unit
// So the follow assignment is valid
val f: Equal[AnyRef] => Unit = (e1: Equal[String]) => println(e1.eq("abc", "def"))


// f(e) doesn't compile because of contra-variance
// as Equal[Option[Int]] is not a subtype of Equal[AnyRef]

// Now let's tell Scala we know what we are doing
class F[-A](val f: Equal[A @uncheckedVariance] => Unit)

// And then let's prove we are not:
// Because F is contra-variant, F[Option[Int]] is a subtype of F[AnyRef]
val g: F[Option[Int]] = new F(f)

// And since g.f is Equal[Option[Int]] => Unit, we can pass e to it.
g.f(e) // compiles, throws exception

如果f在F之外不可见，则不会发生此问题。

Answer 2

你是在问方差是什么吗？如果你知道方差是什么，这是不言而喻的。没有"val“或"case”的示例没有涉及A的外部可见成员，因此它不会引起方差错误。

Answer 3

'val‘表示该字段是外部可见的。考虑一下：

val f: E[Any] => Unit = { ... }
val broken: F[Int] = new F[Any](f) // allowed by -A annotation
val f2: E[Int] => Unit = broken.f // must work (types match)
val f3: E[Int] => Unit = f // type error

基本上，我们设法不安全地强制转换f，而没有显式地为它执行操作。只有当f可见时才有效，即如果您将其定义为val或使用case类。