blocks|key|3867528|text|在今天的世界中，embedded只是指具有以下一个或多个特征的系统：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3867529|3867530|单一用途(即，不是通用计算机，如您的desktop)|unordered-list-item|3867531|Firmware，而不是软件-仍是软件，但不容易更新(闪存等)|3867532|硬件和软件一起设计为一个|3867533|也许更严格的测试不需要软件更新集成在CPU|3867534|Microcontroller上的实时microprocessor|3867535|Expected而不是高可靠性(您不应该重启洗碗机或微波炉)|3867536|3867537|entityMap^0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|-4|5|6|7|T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|C|3|D|5|E|7|U|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|E|7|V|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|E|7|W|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|E|7|X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|E|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|N|3|O|5|E|7|Z|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|P|3|-4|5|6|7|10|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|-4|5|6|7|11|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|R|$]]

In today's world embedded simply refers to a system with one or more of the following traits:

<ul>
<li>Single purpose (ie, not a general purpose computer, like your desktop)</li>
<li>Firmware rather than software - still software, but not as easily updated (flash, etc)</li>
<li>Hardware and software are designed together as a unit</li>
<li>Different, perhaps more rigorous testing as software updates are not desired</li>
<li>Real time computing</li>
<li>Memory integrated on the CPU</li>
<li>Microcontroller rather than microprocessor</li>
<li>Expected high reliability (you shouldn't have to reboot your dishwasher or microwave)</li>
</ul>

blocks|key|1182773|text|如果它运行一个程序，但看起来不像一台计算机，那么它就是一个嵌入式系统。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|1182774|这是我给朋友和家人的标准答案。有太多不同类型的嵌入式系统，无法详细说明。|1182775|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|F|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|-4|5|6|7|H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|E|$]]

If it runs a program, but doesn't look like a computer, it's an embedded system.

That's my standard answer for friends and family. There's too many different types of embedded systems to get more specific.

blocks|key|3867559|text|我在“嵌入式”领域工作了一段时间，我们考虑了任何我们必须为要嵌入的硬件编写自定义代码的事情。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|3867560|如果你必须绕过内存结构，编写自定义的设备驱动程序，并且任何“直接位于金属上”的东西通常都是“嵌入式”的。|3867561|如果你通过串口调试它--它是嵌入式的。|3867562|entityMap^0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|J|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|-4|5|6|7|K|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|G|$]]

I worked in the "embedded" area for a while and we considered anything that we had to write custom code for the hardware to be embedded.

If you have to work around the memory structure, write custom device drivers and anything that sits "directly on the metal" is generally "embedded".

If you're debugging it via a serial port - it's embedded.

blocks|key|647549|text|它之所以被称为“嵌入式”，是因为计算机作为更大设备的一部分被嵌入。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|647550|嵌入式系统的种类非常广泛。|647551|在低端是8针图片，例如在这些diode+lights中有一个12F629。这些成本几美分，内存很少。|offset|length|647552|乐高的NXT包含两个控制器，一个相对较大的AT91SAM7S256，具有32位ARM内核，256KB闪存和64KB内存，以及一个较小的8位ATmega48，具有4KB闪存。|647553|目前我正在为火车开发嵌入式系统，这些系统通常有一个带有数百个MHz时钟的PowerPC，大约100MB内存，运行VxWorks或Linux，并通过以太网连接。|647554|我认为还有更强大的嵌入式系统用于电信，但我还没有研究过这些系统。|647555|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/50119407|1|http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en010113^0|0|0|E|C|0|U|6|1|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|X|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|Z|8|@]|9|@$F|10|G|11|1|12]|$F|13|G|14|1|15]]|A|$]]|$1|H|3|I|5|6|7|16|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|K|5|6|7|17|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|M|5|6|7|18|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|N|3|-4|5|6|7|19|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|O|$P|$5|Q|R|S|A|$T|U]]|V|$5|Q|R|S|A|$T|W]]]]

It is called "embedded" because the computer is embedded as part of a larger device.

There is a very wide range of embedded systems.

At the low end are 8-pin PICs, for example there is a <a href="http://www.microchip.com/wwwproducts/Devices.aspx?dDocName=en010113" rel="nofollow noreferrer">12F629</a> in these <a href="http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/50119407" rel="nofollow noreferrer">diode lights</a>. These costs cents and have very little memory.

The NXT by LEGO contains two controllers, a relatively big AT91SAM7S256 with a 32-bit ARM core, 256KB of flash ROM and 64KB of RAM, and a smaller 8-bit ATmega48 with 4KB of flash.

Currently I'm working on embedded systems for trains, these typically have a PowerPC with some hundreds of MHz clock, on the order of a hundred MB of RAM, run VxWorks or Linux and are connected by Ethernet.

I think there are still more powerful embedded systems for telecommunications, but I haven't worked on these.

blocks|key|647508|text|根据维基百科：|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|647509|647510|嵌入式系统是一种专用计算机系统，设计用于执行一个或几个专用功能，通常具有实时计算的限制。它通常作为包括硬件和机械部件在内的完整设备的一部分嵌入。相比之下，通用计算机，如个人计算机，可以根据编程完成许多不同的任务。|blockquote|offset|length|style|BOLD|647511|647512|647513|647514|嵌入式系统是为完成某些特定任务而设计的，而不是用于多任务的通用计算机。出于安全性和可用性等原因，一些系统还具有必须满足的实时性能限制；其他系统可能具有较低的性能要求或没有性能要求，从而允许简化系统硬件以减少costs.|unordered-list-item|647515|Embedded系统并不总是独立的设备。许多嵌入式系统由较小的计算机化部件组成，这些部件位于一个较大的设备中，用于更一般的用途。例如，吉普森机器人吉他以嵌入式系统为特色，用于调弦，但机器人吉他的总体目的当然是播放音乐。类似地，汽车中的嵌入式系统提供特定的功能作为汽车本身的子系统。|647516|为嵌入式系统编写的程序指令称为固件，并存储在只读存储器或闪存芯片中。它们在有限的计算机硬件资源下运行:内存很少，键盘和/或屏幕很小或根本不存在。|647517|647518|根据个人经验，如果它是“无头”的(即没有像VDU那样的输出设备，并且依赖于LED之类的输出设备)，如果有一个主要用于调试和日志记录的串行端口，如果您经常使用逻辑分析仪进行调试，那么它就是嵌入式的。|647519|entityMap^0|0|0|8|5|K|B|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|Y|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|-4|5|6|7|Z|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|C|3|D|5|E|7|10|8|@$F|11|G|12|H|I]|$F|13|G|14|H|I]]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|J|3|-4|5|6|7|15|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|-4|5|6|7|16|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|L|3|-4|5|6|7|17|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|O|7|18|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|P|3|Q|5|O|7|19|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|R|3|S|5|O|7|1A|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|T|3|-4|5|6|7|1B|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|V|5|6|7|1C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|W|3|-4|5|6|7|1D|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|X|$]]

As per Wikipedia:

<blockquote>
 An embedded system is a
 special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few
 dedicated functions, often with
 real-time computing constraints. It is
 usually embedded as part of a complete
 device including hardware and
 mechanical parts. In contrast, a
 general-purpose computer, such as a
 personal computer, can do many
 different tasks depending on
 programming. 
 
 <ul>
 <li>Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a
 general-purpose computer for multiple
 tasks. Some also have real-time
 performance constraints that must be
 met, for reasons such as safety and
 usability; others may have low or no
 performance requirements, allowing the
 system hardware to be simplified to
 reduce costs.</li>
 <li>Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded
 systems consist of small, computerized
 parts within a larger device that
 serves a more general purpose. For
 example, the Gibson Robot Guitar
 features an embedded system for tuning
 the strings, but the overall purpose
 of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to
 play music.[2] Similarly, an embedded
 system in an automobile provides a
 specific function as a subsystem of
 the car itself.</li>
 <li>The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as
 firmware, and are stored in read-only
 memory or Flash memory chips. They run
 with limited computer hardware
 resources: little memory, small or
 non-existent keyboard and/or screen.</li>
 </ul>
</blockquote>

From personal experience, if it's "headless" (i.e. doesn't have an output device like a VDU and relies on something like LED's), if there is a serial port used mainly for debugging and logging and if you often use a logic analyser for debugging, it's embedded.

blocks|key|647617|text|“嵌入式”已经成为一个非常多样化的术语。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|647618|我见过并参与过这样的设计：|647619|在硬件解决方案(例如网络摄像头、无线com)的固定intervals|647620|Drivers上，|unordered-list-item|647621|只需切换离散I/O+(包括LED)。|647622|充当板级I/O的通信转换器，此处插入大量电子设备(类似计算器的phone-esque)|647623|System级设备，用于协调其他设备的操作。|647624|647625|647626|我也喜欢Dour-High-Arch的comment+above|offset|length|647627|说：“|647628|”另一个重要的区别是，嵌入式应用程序可以在没有干预的情况下运行数年……“|blockquote|647629|647630|entityMap|0|LINK|mutability|MUTABLE|url|https://stackoverflow.com/users/22437/dour-high-arch|1|https://stackoverflow.com/questions/778800/whats-the-best-description-for-embedded-hardware-system/778819#778819^0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|4|E|0|J|D|1|0|0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|1A|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|1B|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|E|5|6|7|1C|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|F|3|G|5|H|7|1D|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|I|3|J|5|H|7|1E|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|K|3|L|5|H|7|1F|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|M|3|N|5|H|7|1G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|O|3|-4|5|6|7|1H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|P|3|-4|5|6|7|1I|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Q|3|R|5|6|7|1J|8|@]|9|@$S|1K|T|1L|1|1M]|$S|1N|T|1O|1|1P]]|A|$]]|$1|U|3|V|5|6|7|1Q|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|W|3|X|5|Y|7|1R|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|Z|3|-4|5|6|7|1S|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|10|3|-4|5|6|7|1T|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|11|$12|$5|13|14|15|A|$16|17]]|18|$5|13|14|15|A|$16|19]]]]

"Embedded" has become a very diverse term.

I've seen and worked on designs that:

<ul>
<li>Simply toggled discrete I/O (including LEDs) at fixed intervals</li>
<li>Drivers for hardware solutions (e.g. webcams, wireless com)</li>
<li>Acted as communications translators for board-level I/O (SPI&lt;->I2C&lt;->Rs232&lt;->USB)</li>
<li>[ insert multitude of appliances here ]</li>
<li>Human-controlled electronics (calculator-esque, phone-esque)</li>
<li>System level devices to coordinate actions of other devices.</li>
</ul>

I also like <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/users/22437/dour-high-arch">Dour-High-Arch</a>'s <a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/778800/whats-the-best-description-for-embedded-hardware-system/778819#778819">comment above</a>:

<blockquote>
 "Another important difference is that embedded apps may run for years without intervention..."
</blockquote>

blocks|key|647692|text|“嵌入式系统”是一个非常宽泛的术语，我不认为有一个单一的定义是容易的。“嵌入式”这个词实际上指的是一个行业，而不是一个“硬件系统”。多年来，对嵌入式系统的描述已经发生了变化，而且在未来肯定也会发生变化。|type|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|data|647693|在早期，人们会说嵌入式系统只是用汇编语言编写的，但现在C语言是常见的地方，也许在未来也会使用其他语言。CPU变得越来越大，外部存储器一直在使用，它们是许多被认为是嵌入式设备，并不专用于单个任务，可以在其中添加应用程序，并且软件很容易更新。手表、小工具、家用电器、汽车设备、PLC、电机控制器、气象站、系统监控设备都被认为是嵌入式的。很难给它们都下定义。|647694|entityMap^0|0|0^^$0|@$1|2|3|4|5|6|7|F|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|B|3|C|5|6|7|G|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]|$1|D|3|-4|5|6|7|H|8|@]|9|@]|A|$]]]|E|$]]

"Embedded system" is a very broad term and I don't think that it is easy to have a single definition. The word "embedded" actually refers to an industry and not to a "hardware system". The description of embedded systems has changed over the years and it is definitely going to change in the future too.

In early days one would say the embedded systems were only programmed in assembly, but now C is common place and perhaps in the future other languages are used as well. CPUs are getting bigger and bigger, external memories are used all the time and they are many devices considered to be embedded that are not dedicated to a single task, applications can be added to them and the software is easily updated. Watches, gadgets, house appliances, automotive devices, PLCs, motor controllers, weather stations, system monitoring devices are all considered embedded. It is difficult to singe define them all.

When I hear that, I always think about an mobile device. But why is the hardware "embedded" there? Isn't the whole device the hardware? Why is a personal computer no embedded hardware system?

What's the best description for "embedded hardware system"?

翻译质量差，导致语言生硬或混乱。

没有提供实际的解决方法或示例。

解答不清晰，无法理解或解决问题。

页面排版不美观，阅读体验差。

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当我听到这句话时，我总是会想到移动设备。但是为什么硬件被“嵌入”在那里呢？整个设备不就是硬件吗？为什么个人电脑没有嵌入式硬件系统？

问“嵌入式硬件系统”最好的描述是什么？
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