我正在上一门关于模糊系统的课程,我在我的电脑上学习my notes。这意味着我必须时不时地在我的计算机上绘制图表。因为这些图定义得很好,所以我觉得用numpy绘制它们会是个好主意(我用LaTeX做笔记,而且我对python shell的了解很快,所以我想我可以不用管它)。
fuzzy membership functions的图形是高度分段的,例如:

为了绘制这个图,我尝试了下面的numpy.piecewise代码(这给了我一个隐秘的错误):
In [295]: a = np.arange(0,5,1)
In [296]: condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-296-a951e2682357> in <module>()
----> 1 condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
In [297]: funclist = list(itertools.chain([lambda x:-4*x+1, lambda x: 0, lambda x:4*x+1]*3))
In [298]: np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-298-41168765ae55> in <module>()
----> 1 np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.pyc in piecewise(x, condlist, funclist, *args, **kw)
688 if (n != n2):
689 raise ValueError(
--> 690 "function list and condition list must be the same")
691 zerod = False
692 # This is a hack to work around problems with NumPy's
ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same在这一点上,我对如何绘制这个函数感到相当困惑。我真的不太理解错误消息,这进一步阻碍了我调试它的努力。
最终,我希望绘制这个函数并将其导出到EPS文件中,因此我也希望得到这些方面的任何帮助。
发布于 2013-10-25 21:13:12
一般来说,当你只是把数字当做数字来编写代码时,numpy数组非常擅长做一些有意义的事情。链接比较是少见的例外之一。你看到的错误本质上是这样的(被piecewise内部和ipython错误格式混淆了一点):
>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> 1.5 < a
array([False, True, True], dtype=bool)
>>>
>>> 1.5 < a < 2.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
>>>
>>> (1.5 < a) & (a < 2.5)
array([False, True, False], dtype=bool)
>>> 您也可以选择使用np.logical_and,但是按位的and在这里工作得很好。
就绘图而言,numpy本身并不做任何事情。下面是matplotlib的一个例子:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> def piecew(x):
... conds = [x < 0, (x > 0) & (x < 1), (x > 1) & (x < 2), x > 2]
... funcs = [lambda x: x+1, lambda x: 1,
... lambda x: -x + 2., lambda x: (x-2)**2]
... return np.piecewise(x, conds, funcs)
>>>
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> xx = np.linspace(-0.5, 3.1, 100)
>>> plt.plot(xx, piecew(xx))
>>> plt.show() # or plt.savefig('foo.eps')请注意,piecewise是一头反复无常的野兽。特别是,它需要它的x参数是一个数组,如果不是,它甚至不会尝试转换它(在numpy的说法中:x需要是一个ndarray,而不是array_like):
>>> piecew(2.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 4, in piecew
File "/home/br/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py", line 690, in piecewise
"function list and condition list must be the same")
ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same
>>>
>>> piecew(np.asarray([2.1]))
array([ 0.01])https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19578185
复制相似问题